Comparative genomic study of gastric epithelial cells co-cultured with Helicobacter pylori

Figure 1 GES-1 cell proliferation as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (A) and cell apoptosis as determined by flow cytometry (B) after co-culture with helicobacter pylori isolated from patients with gastric carcinoma (GC, n = 10) or chronic gastritis (CG, n = 10) for 48 h in relation to control cells. The ratio denotes the ratio of GES-1 cells vs Helicobacter pylori cells. ^aP < 0.05 vs control group; ^cP < 0.05 vs CG group. OD: Optical density.

Figure 2 Identification of status of cagA gene in Helicobacter pylori strains using real-time polymerase chain reaction. A: DNA ladder; B: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) stain NCTC 11639 (positive control); C: The most virulent gastric carcinoma-derived strain; D: The least virulent chronic gastritis-derived strain; E: H. pylori stain NCTC 12908 (negative control).

Figure 3 Representative histological microphotographs (hematoxylin and eosin staining, 200 ×, scale bar = 100 μm) of gastric mucosal specimens collected from Mongolian gerbils lavaged with the GC-derived Helicobacter pylori strain (A: gastric carcinoma), the CG-derived strain (B: chronic gastritis), and the control lixivium (C) at the 28th week.

Figure 4 Cluster analysis of gene expression profiles in GES-1 cells in response to the most and least virulent Helicobacter pylori strains. The red, green, and black colors indicate up-regulated, down-regulated, and equivalent expression. 1-1: Uninfected GES-1 cells (control); 2-2: GES-1 cells co-cultured with the GC-derived strain; 3-2: GES-1 cells co-cultured with the CG-derived strain. GC: Gastric carcinoma; CG: Chronic gastritis.

Figure 5 Verification of HDAC6 and TRAF1 up-regulation in GES-1 cells in response to the most and least virulent Helicobacter pylori strains as determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. A: Representative quantitation of mRNA expression of GAPDH, HDAC6 and TRAF1 in GES-1 cells (a), GES-1 cells co-cultured with the CG-derived Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) strain (b) and GES-1 cells co-cultured with the GC-derived H. pylori strain (c); B: Graphic analysis showing mRNA expression of HDAC6 and TRAF1 expressions in GES-1 cells in GES-1 cells, GES-1 cells co-cultured with the CG-derived H. pylori strain and GES-1 cells co-cultured with the GC-derived H. pylori strain. ^bP < 0.01 vs the control; ^dP < 0.01 vs cells co-cultured with the CG-derived H. pylori strain.

Figure 6 Histology and immunohistochemistry (400 ×, scale bar = 50 μm) of HDAC6 and TRAF1 in gastric specimens of patients with chronic gastritis (CG, n = 23), intestinal metaplasia (IM, n = 30), dysplasia (n = 33), and gastric carcinoma (GC, n = 27).