Intraoperative ultrasound as an educational guide for laparoscopic biliary surgery

Figure 1 Laparoscopic cholecystitis grading. A: Normal (G0); B: No inflammation with light adhesion (G1); C: Marked wall thickening with light adhesion (G2); D: Marked inflammation with dense adhesion (G3). Classification of severity of cholecystitis was based on laparoscopic findings to assess the effect of the presence of cholecystitis on intraoperative diagnostic performance and operative performance.

Figure 2 Operative time for LC. In an analysis of covariance, LCG, as well as presence and absence of implementation of IOUS, were significant factors that affected operation time. Operation time when IOUS was implemented significantly increased for junior surgeons (all, P < 0.01), regardless of LCG, thus requiring approximately double the time in comparison to that of senior surgeons.