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World J Gastroenterol. Aug 7, 2022; 28(29): 3814-3824
Published online Aug 7, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i29.3814
Enhanced endoscopic ultrasound imaging for pancreatic lesions: The road to artificial intelligence
Marco Spadaccini, Glenn Koleth, James Emmanuel, Kareem Khalaf, Antonio Facciorusso, Fabio Grizzi, Cesare Hassan, Matteo Colombo, Benedetto Mangiavillano, Alessandro Fugazza, Andrea Anderloni, Silvia Carrara, Alessandro Repici
Marco Spadaccini, Glenn Koleth, Kareem Khalaf, Cesare Hassan, Matteo Colombo, Alessandro Fugazza, Andrea Anderloni, Silvia Carrara, Alessandro Repici, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital and University, Milan 20800, Italy
James Emmanuel, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Queen Elizabeth, Kota Kinabalu 88200, Sabah, Malaysia
Antonio Facciorusso, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
Fabio Grizzi, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Italy
Benedetto Mangiavillano, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gasteroenterology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza 21053, Italy
Author contributions: Spadaccini M provided the outline; Koleth G with Spadaccini M performed most of the writing and equally contributed to this paper; Emmanuel J wrote on contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound; Carrara S provided valuable oversight, all EUS pictures, and concluded the manuscript; Grizzi F provided the picture for fractal analysis; Khalaf K, Colombo M, Mangiavillano B, Fugazza A, Anderloni A, Facciorusso A, and Repici A provided input in writing the paper.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Marco Spadaccini, MD, Associate Specialist, Senior Researcher, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital and University, Via Manzoni 56, Milan 20800, Italy. marco.spadaccini@humanitas.it
Received: April 9, 2022
Peer-review started: April 9, 2022
First decision: May 9, 2022
Revised: June 7, 2022
Accepted: July 5, 2022
Article in press: July 5, 2022
Published online: August 7, 2022
Core Tip

Core Tip: Several reviews have evaluated the use of contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound (CE-EUS), EUS-elastography (EUS-E), and artificial intelligence in separation. Not many have reviewed all three modalities' strengths in a single article. This article elaborates on current methods and outcomes of CE-EUS and EUS-E while reviewing the impact of artificial intelligence on the field of EUS imaging.