Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 14, 2022; 28(10): 1009-1023
Published online Mar 14, 2022. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i10.1009
An update on the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Jiayun M Fang, Jay Li, Jiaqi Shi
Jiayun M Fang, Jiaqi Shi, Department of Pathology & Clinical Labs, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
Jay Li, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
Author contributions: Fang JM drafted the manuscript and prepared the figures and tables; Li J drafted the manuscript and provided input in the writing; Shi J formulated the idea, designed the outline, and edited the manuscript.
Supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, No. K08CA234222 (JS).
Conflict-of-interest statement: Dr. Shi reports grants from NIH/NCI, during the conduct of the study.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Jiaqi Shi, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology & Clinical Labs, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd. NCRC Bldg 35, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States. jiaqis@umich.edu
Received: October 17, 2021
Peer-review started: October 17, 2021
First decision: November 17, 2021
Revised: November 26, 2021
Accepted: February 10, 2022
Article in press: February 10, 2022
Published online: March 14, 2022
Core Tip

Core Tip: Over the past decade, our understanding of the molecular biology underlying gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) has improved our available diagnostic tools. Although there have been many reviews on the diagnosis of GEP-NENs, the majority focus on one aspect of the diagnosis. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the current and upcoming diagnostic tools available for GEP-NENs, including histopathology, new biomarkers, molecular techniques, and radiology.