Copyright
©The Author(s) 2018. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Oct 14, 2018; 24(38): 4311-4329
Published online Oct 14, 2018. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i38.4311
Published online Oct 14, 2018. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i38.4311
Management of bacterial and fungal infections in end stage liver disease and liver transplantation: Current options and future directions
Elda Righi, Department of Infectious Diseases, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine 33100, Italy
Author contributions: Righi E prepared the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest exists.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Elda Righi, MD, PhD, Doctor, Department of Infectious Diseases, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 50, Colugna Street, Udine 33100, Italy. elda.righi@libero.it
Telephone: +39-432-559355 Fax: +39-432-559360
Received: July 14, 2018
Peer-review started: July 16, 2018
First decision: August 27, 2018
Revised: September 11, 2018
Accepted: October 5, 2018
Article in press: October 5, 2018
Published online: October 14, 2018
Processing time: 90 Days and 12.5 Hours
Peer-review started: July 16, 2018
First decision: August 27, 2018
Revised: September 11, 2018
Accepted: October 5, 2018
Article in press: October 5, 2018
Published online: October 14, 2018
Processing time: 90 Days and 12.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Infections are frequent in patients with liver cirrhosis, liver transplant candidates, and liver transplant recipients and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of the risk factors, etiology, and type of infections is paramount for the management of severe bacterial and fungal infections in these patient populations. Increasing rates of infections due to multidrug-resistant pathogens have been reported worldwide and particularly affect liver transplant recipients. The type of bacterial and fungal infections along with their risk factors, management, and future research in patients with liver cirrhosis and liver transplant recipients are presented in the review.