Martino A, Di Serafino M, Orsini L, Giurazza F, Fiorentino R, Crolla E, Campione S, Molino C, Romano L, Lombardi G. Rare causes of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29(27): 4222-4235 [PMID: 37545636 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i27.4222]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Alberto Martino, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, AORN “Antonio Cardarelli”, Via Antonio Cardarelli, 9, Naples 80131, Italy. albertomartinomd@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 21, 2023; 29(27): 4222-4235 Published online Jul 21, 2023. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i27.4222
Rare causes of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A comprehensive review
Alberto Martino, Marco Di Serafino, Luigi Orsini, Francesco Giurazza, Roberto Fiorentino, Enrico Crolla, Severo Campione, Carlo Molino, Luigia Romano, Giovanni Lombardi
Alberto Martino, Luigi Orsini, Giovanni Lombardi, Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, AORN “Antonio Cardarelli”, Naples 80131, Italy
Marco Di Serafino, Luigia Romano, Department of General and Emergency Radiology, AORN “Antonio Cardarelli”, Naples 80131, Italy
Francesco Giurazza, Department of Interventional Radiology, AORN “Antonio Cardarelli”, Naples 80131, Italy
Roberto Fiorentino, Department of Oncology, AORN “Antonio Cardarelli”, Naples 80131, Italy
Enrico Crolla, Carlo Molino, Department of Oncological Surgery, AORN “Antonio Cardarelli”, Naples 80131, Italy
Severo Campione, Department of Pathology, AORN “Antonio Cardarelli”, Naples 80131, Italy
Author contributions: Martino A, Di Serafino M, and Orsini L designed research and wrote, edited and finalized the text; Martino A, Di Serafino M, Orsini L, Giurazza F, Fiorentino R, Crolla E, and Campione S performed literature search and analyzed the data; Molino C, Romano L, and Lombardi G reviewed the paper for important intellectual content.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Alberto Martino, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, AORN “Antonio Cardarelli”, Via Antonio Cardarelli, 9, Naples 80131, Italy. albertomartinomd@gmail.com
Received: February 4, 2023 Peer-review started: February 4, 2023 First decision: April 3, 2023 Revised: April 11, 2023 Accepted: May 8, 2023 Article in press: May 8, 2023 Published online: July 21, 2023 Processing time: 158 Days and 23.9 Hours
Abstract
Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) is a common gastroenterological emergency associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Gastroenterologists and other involved clinicians are generally assisted by international guidelines in its management. However, NVUGIB due to peptic ulcer disease only is mainly addressed by current guidelines, with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy being recommended as the gold standard modality for both diagnosis and treatment. Conversely, the management of rare and extraordinary rare causes of NVUGIB is not covered by current guidelines. Given they are frequently life-threatening conditions, all the involved clinicians, that is emergency physicians, diagnostic and interventional radiologists, surgeons, in addition obviously to gastroenterologists, should be aware of and familiar with their management. Indeed, they typically require a prompt diagnosis and treatment, engaging a dedicated, patient-tailored, multidisciplinary team approach. The aim of our review was to extensively summarize the current evidence with regard to the management of rare and extraordinary rare causes of NVUGIB.
Core Tip: Rare and extraordinary rare causes of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) are commonly life-threatening conditions. Thus, a prompt diagnosis and a subsequent equally early treatment are required, typically involving a patient-tailored, multidisciplinary team approach. However, given the rare occurrence, their management is not covered by NVUGIB current guidelines. Our study aimed to review the current evidence with regard to the management of rare and extraordinary rare causes of NVUGIB.
