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©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
Schistosomal (bilharzial) polyps: Travel through the colon and beyond
Mohamed H Emara, Aya M Mahros, Abdelrahman M Ahmed Rasheda, Mohamed I Radwan, Besher Mohamed, Osama Abdelrazik, Mostafa Elazab, Hassan Elbatae
Mohamed H Emara, Aya M Mahros, Mostafa Elazab, Hassan Elbatae, Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr-Elshikh 33516, Egypt
Abdelrahman M Ahmed Rasheda, Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, Security Forces Hospital, Ryiadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed I Radwan, Department of Tropical Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
Besher Mohamed, Department of Gastroenterology, Surrey and Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust, Surrey RH1 5RH, United Kingdom
Osama Abdelrazik, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
Author contributions: Emara MH, Mahros AM, Radwan MI, and Rasheda AMA developed concept of the study, and retrieved the evidence; Elbatae H, Emara MH, Abdelrazik O, and Elazab M searched the literature; Elbatae H, Emara MH, Abdelrazik O, Elazab M, Mahros AM, and Radwan MI analyzed the evidence; Emara MH, Rasheda AMA, Elazab M, and Mahros AM drafted the article; All authors revised the article.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Mohamed H Emara, MD, MSc, Professor, Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Kafrelsheikh University, Ageish Street, Kafr-Elshikh 33516, Egypt. emara_20007@yahoo.com
Received: December 24, 2022
Peer-review started: December 24, 2022
First decision: January 14, 2023
Revised: January 18, 2023
Accepted: March 29, 2023
Article in press: March 29, 2023
Published online: July 14, 2023
Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) is a major neglected tropical disease. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical communities. Schistosomal polyps (S. polyps) are not uncommon presentation of this infection. Although the colon is the most commonly affected organ, many other organs are affected. S. polyps are associated with a variable range of morbidity independent of the Schistosomal infection. S. polyps are frequently described in endemic areas and increasingly reported in non-endemic areas mainly among immigrants and visitors to the endemic areas. This review aimed to increase awareness of practitioners, especially gastroenterologists, for this peculiar type of polyps caused by this neglected infection hence improving patient outcomes. Web-based search of different databases was conducted for the literature focusing the development of S. polyps in the colon and other organs with analysis of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. The following key words were used in the search, “Schistosomiasis” OR “Bilharziasis” AND “Polyps” OR “Polyp” AND “Colon” OR “Small intestine” OR “ Duodenum” OR “ Stomach” OR “Esophagus” OR ” Gallbladder” OR” Pharynx” OR “Larynx” OR “Trachea” OR ”Urinary bladder” OR “ Ureter” OR “Renal Pelvis” OR “Urethra”. All publication types including case reports, case series, original research, and review articles were retrieved and analyzed. S. polyps are not infrequent presentation of acute or chronic Schistosomal infection. S. polyps are described in many organs including the bowel, genitourinary tract, skin, gallbladder and the larynx. Presentation of S. polyps is variable and depends on the site, number as well as the polyp size. The relationship of S. polyps to malignant transformation is a matter of discussion. Presence of S. polyps is sometimes the only manifestation of Schistosomiasis. Small polyps can be treated medically with praziquantel, while large accessible polyps are amendable for endoscopic excision through different polyp resection techniques. However, huge, complicated, non-accessible and suspicious polyps are indicated for surgical management or advanced endoscopic resection when appropriate. Clinicians and endoscopists should be aware about these facts when treating patients living in, immigrated from or visiting endemic areas.
Core Tip: Schistosomiasis is associated with a wide range of pathological lesions including development of polyps. Colon is the commonest site for polyp development, however polyps are reported in many organs including urinary bladder, ureters, larynx, duodenum, small intestine, gallbladder, anus, uterine cervix and external genitalia. Schistosomal polyps are associated with a wide range of morbidity according to the polyp site, size and number. The malignant potential of these polyps is a hot point of discussion. Although small sized polyps can regress with medical therapy using praziquantel, large accessible polyps can be retrieved endoscopically. Complicated, huge and inaccessible polyps can be treated surgically.
