Retrospective Study
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World J Gastroenterol. Dec 14, 2014; 20(46): 17491-17497
Published online Dec 14, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17491
Analysis of risk factors for postoperative pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy
Qi-Yu Liu, Wen-Zhi Zhang, Hong-Tian Xia, Jian-Jun Leng, Tao Wan, Bin Liang, Tao Yang, Jia-Hong Dong
Qi-Yu Liu, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming 650031, Yunnan Province, China
Wen-Zhi Zhang, Hong-Tian Xia, Jian-Jun Leng, Tao Wan, Bin Liang, Tao Yang, Jia-Hong Dong, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Author contributions: All authors contributed equally to designing and conducting the study, and to writing the manuscript.
Correspondence to: Dr. Hong-Tian Xia, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China. xiahongtian115@sina.com
Telephone: +86-871-63188200-6016 Fax: +86-871-63188091
Received: March 17, 2014
Revised: April 25, 2014
Accepted: August 13, 2014
Published online: December 14, 2014
Processing time: 275 Days and 19.6 Hours
Abstract

AIM: To explore the morbidity and risk factors of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

METHODS: The data from 196 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, performed by different surgeons, in the General Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army between January 1st, 2013 and December 31st, 2013 were retrospectively collected for analysis. The diagnoses of POPF and clinically relevant (CR)-POPF following pancreaticoduodenectomy were judged strictly by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula Definition. Univariate analysis was performed to analyze the following factors: patient age, sex, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum CA19-9 level, history of jaundice, serum albumin level, blood loss volume, pancreatic duct diameter, pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatic drainage and pancreaticojejunostomy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the main independent risk factors for POPF.

RESULTS: POPF occurred in 126 (64.3%) of the patients, and the incidence of CR-POPF was 32.7% (64/196). Patient characteristics of age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, serum CA19-9 level, history of jaundice, serum albumin level, blood loss volume, pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreaticojejunostomy showed no statistical difference related to the morbidity of POPF or CR-POPF. Pancreatic duct diameter was found to be significantly correlated with POPF rates by univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis, with a pancreatic duct diameter ≤ 3 mm being an independent risk factor for POPF (OR = 0.291; P = 0.000) and CR-POPF (OR = 0.399; P = 0.004). The CR-POPF rate was higher in patients without external pancreatic stenting, which was found to be an independent risk factor for CR-POPF (OR = 0.394; P = 0.012). Among the entire patient series, there were three postoperative deaths, giving a total mortality rate of 1.5% (3/196), and the mortality associated with pancreatic fistula was 2.4% (3/126).

CONCLUSION: A pancreatic duct diameter ≤ 3 mm is an independent risk factor for POPF. External stent drainage of pancreatic secretion may reduce CR-POPF mortality and POPF severity.

Keywords: Pancreaticoduodenectomy, Pancreatic fistula, Complication, Pancreatic duct

Core tip: While pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains the only curative option for some benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas peri-ampullary region and head, it is inherently difficult and associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The most important factor of morbidity and mortality following PD is the appearance of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). The Chinese PLA General Hospital performs 200 to 400 PD procedures per year. Analysis of our case series showed that a pancreatic duct diameter ≤ 3 mm is an independent POPF risk factor. External stent drainage of pancreatic secretion may reduce mortality of clinically relevant-POPF and alleviate POPF severity.