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World J Gastroenterol. Oct 7, 2014; 20(37): 13412-13423
Published online Oct 7, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13412
Surgical and interventional management of complications caused by acute pancreatitis
Feza Y Karakayali
Feza Y Karakayali, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara 06490, Turkey
Author contributions: Karakayali FY contributed to the study idea, study design, literature search, manuscript writing and final revision of the article.
Correspondence to: Feza Y Karakayali, MD, Associate Professor of Surgery, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Fevzi Cakmak Cad. 5. Sok. No. 48 Bahcelievler, Ankara 06490, Turkey. fezaykar@yahoo.com
Telephone: +90-532-6455407 Fax: +90-532-6455312
Received: March 1, 2014
Revised: June 27, 2014
Accepted: July 11, 2014
Published online: October 7, 2014
Processing time: 220 Days and 17.4 Hours
Abstract

Acute pancreatitis is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders worldwide. It requires acute hospitalization, with a reported annual incidence of 13 to 45 cases per 100000 persons. In severe cases there is persistent organ failure and a mortality rate of 15% to 30%, whereas mortality of mild pancreatitis is only 0% to 1%. Treatment principles of necrotizing pancreatitis and the role of surgery are still controversial. Despite surgery being effective for infected pancreatic necrosis, it carries the risk of long-term endocrine and exocrine deficiency and a morbidity and mortality rate of between 10% to 40%. Considering high morbidity and mortality rates of operative necrosectomy, minimally invasive strategies are being explored by gastrointestinal surgeons, radiologists, and gastroenterologists. Since 1999, several other minimally invasive surgical, endoscopic, and radiologic approaches to drain and debride pancreatic necrosis have been described. In patients who do not improve after technically adequate drainage, necrosectomy should be performed. When minimal invasive management is unsuccessful or necrosis has spread to locations not accessible by endoscopy, open abdominal surgery is recommended. Additionally, surgery is recognized as a major determinant of outcomes for acute pancreatitis, and there is general agreement that patients should undergo surgery in the late phase of the disease. It is important to consider multidisciplinary management, considering the clinical situation and the comorbidity of the patient, as well as the surgeons experience.

Keywords: Severe acute pancreatitis; Complications; Necrosectomy; Percutaneous drainage; Endoscopy; Laparoscopy

Core tip: The surgery and its timing are contentious regarding treatment of severe acute pancreatitis and related complications. Many studies showed that “early” open surgery has been accompanied often by higher mortality and morbidity rates, and should be the next step in treating severe acute pancreatitis complications, when minimally invasive management fails. In this review article, current treatment options and results are discussed.