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Copyright ©2008 The WJG Press and Baishideng. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Mar 21, 2008; 14(11): 1734-1740
Published online Mar 21, 2008. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.1734
Molecular mechanism underlying the functional loss of cyclindependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p27 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Yasunobu Matsuda
Yasunobu Matsuda, Department of Medical Technology, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Asahimachi-dori 2-746, Niigata 9518518, Japan
Author contributions: Matsuda Y wrote the paper.
Correspondence to: Yasunobu Matsuda, Department of Medical Technology, Niigata University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Asahimachi-dori 2-746, Niigata 9518518, Japan. yasunobu@med.niigata-u.ac.jp
Telephone: +81-25-2272207
Fax: +81-25-2270776
Received: November 13, 2007
Revised: December 27, 2007
Published online: March 21, 2008
Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common human cancers, and its incidence is still increasing in many countries. The prognosis of HCC patients remains poor, and identification of useful molecular prognostic markers is required. Many recent studies have shown that functional alterations of cell-cycle regulators can be observed in HCC. Among the various types of cell-cycle regulators, p16 and p27 are frequently inactivated in HCC and are considered to be potent tumor suppressors. p16, a G1-specific cell-cycle inhibitor that prevents the association of cyclindependent kinase (CDK) 4 and CDK6 with cyclin D1, is frequently inactivated in HCC via CpG methylation of its promoter region. p16 may be involved in the early steps of hepatocarcinogenesis, since p16 gene methylation has been detected in subsets of pre-neoplastic liver cirrhosis patients. p27, a negative regulator of the G1-S phase transition through inhibition of the kinase activities of Cdk2/cyclin A and Cdk2/cyclin E complexes, is now considered to be an adverse prognostic factor in HCC. In some cases of HCC with increased cell proliferation, p27 is overexpressed but inactivated by sequestration into cyclin D1-CDK4-containing complexes. Since loss of p16 is closely related to functional inactivation of p27 in HCC, investigating both p16 and p27 may be useful for precise prognostic predictions in individuals with HCC.

Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Cell-cycle regulator; Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; DNA methylation; DNA methyltransferase; p16; p27; FoxM1b