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Ullah N, Kakakhel MA, Bai Y, Xi L, Khan I, Kalra BS, Kumar T, Ahmad H, Shah M, Guanlan L, Zhang C. Prevalence of active HCV infection and genotypic distribution among the general population of district Mardan, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e244977. [PMID: 34287506 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.244977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the serious global public health burden of liver disease. Approximately 170 million people in the world are infected with (HCV). In Pakistan, where the disease has high occurrence rate. The present study envisages an up-to-date prevalence of HCV and genotypic distribution in the general population of Mardan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The blood samples from 6,538 individuals including 3,263 males and 3,275 females were analyzed for hepatitis C surface antigen by Immuno-chromatographic test (ICT), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was found that 396 (12.13%) out of 3263 individuals contained antibodies in their blood against HCV, while among the different age groups, the highest incidences of HCV antibodies were found in the 31-40 age group (11.01%). The ICT positive samples were further screened by nested PCR to determine the existence of active HCV-RNA. It was identified that 7.11% (3263) of the total population (6538) tested was positive, among which the 461 (14.07%) females possessed antibodies in their blood against HCV. Our data showed total HCV infection in the investigated population was 5.78%. Higher percentage of HCV prevalence was detected in males than females in the age group 31-40 and 41-50. To compare the prevalence of HCV genotypes age-wise in male and female genotype 3a was found most prevalent genotype followed by 1a, 2a and 3b, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ullah
- Lanzhou University, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - M A Kakakhel
- Lanzhou University, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Y Bai
- Lanzhou University, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - L Xi
- Lanzhou University, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - I Khan
- Lanzhou University, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - B S Kalra
- Virtual University of Pakistan, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - T Kumar
- Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou, P.R. China.,Lanzhou University, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - H Ahmad
- Hazara University Mansehra, Department of Genetics, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - M Shah
- University of Swat, Centre for Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - L Guanlan
- Lanzhou University, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - C Zhang
- Lanzhou University, School of Life Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Haqqi A, Munir R, Khalid M, Khurram M, Zaid M, Ali M, Shah ZH, Ahmed H, Afzal MS. Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Pakistan: Current Scenario and Review of Literature. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:402-413. [PMID: 31556811 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health concern globally, resulting in liver-related complications. Approximately 6% population of Pakistan is infected with HCV. HCV is error prone, due to which it is classified into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes. HCV genotype determination is critical for treatment and therapy response. In this study, 3,539 samples were collected from 2015 to 2019 from all over Punjab. RNA was extracted from samples using QIA Amp Viral RNA MINI kit (Qiagen, Germany) and viral genotyping was performed. Furthermore, a systemized literature search (2009-2018) was done to analyze the HCV genotype distribution pattern in Pakistan. In Punjab, genotype 3a (86.46%) is most prevalent, followed by untypable (7.17%) and genotype 1a (3.84%) and 3b (1.04%). Mixed genotype constitutes only 0.67% of total infections. Genotype 2a, 2b, 3c, and 4 were found to be rare. Data available from literature review when compiled showed that HCV genotype 3a (58.16%) was predominant in Pakistan, followed by genotypes 3b (9.05%), 2a (6.70%), 1a (6.22%), and 1b (2.39%). The frequency of mixed genotypes was found to be 4% and 12% of untypable HCV variants. This study highlights the HCV genotype distribution pattern in different regions of Pakistan. Therapy response and disease management depend on genotype, so HCV genotype determination is crucial. In Pakistan, the most prevalent genotype is 3a, followed by untypable genotype. Both interferon and sofosbuvir are effective against genotype 3a, but treatment with sofosbuvir has comparatively high sustained virological response, less adverse effects, and more tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena Haqqi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Munir
- Cancer Biology Lab, MMG, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Hormone Lab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Khurram
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaid
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Hussain Shah
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
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Parhizgari N, Gouya MM, Mostafavi E. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 9:122-142. [PMID: 29225752 PMCID: PMC5719507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite development of preventive and controlling strategies regarding infectious diseases, they are still considered as one of the most significant leading causes of morbidity and mortality, worldwide. Changes in humans' demographics and behaviors, microbial and ecological alterations, agricultural development, international travels and susceptibility to infectious diseases have resulted in increased reports of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and reemerging infectious diseases (RIDs) in various geographical areas. Because of the various types of geographic properties in Iran, substantial climatic variability, as well as unstable political situations and poor public health conditions in some of neighboring countries, EIDs and RIDs are serious public health problems; among them, zoonotic and drug resistant diseases are the most significant. Hence, this review provides an overview of the significant bacterial, viral and fungal EIDs and RIDs in Iran regarding their epidemiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Parhizgari
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Gouya
- The Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Department for Health Affairs, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran,Corresponding author: Ehsan Mostafavi, DVM, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Telefax: +98-21-66496448,
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Hussein NR, Balatay AA, Sezgin AT, Jawad RS. The distribution of HCV in subjects attending hospitals in Duhok City, Iraq. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Afzal MS. Hepatitis C Virus and Interferon-Free Antiviral Therapeutics Revolution: Implications for Pakistan. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:252-257. [PMID: 28118096 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health concern worldwide as a leading cause of liver-related mortalities and morbidities. Pakistan ranks second among countries with endemic HCV infection; ∼11 million cases are reported so far. HCV burden is continuously rising in Pakistan, mainly because of unsafe blood transfusions, surgical procedures, dental procedures, untrained clinicians, reuse of syringes, barbers, and ear/nose piercing tools. Lack of awareness about HCV transmission routes among the general and high-risk population is a major hurdle in disease management. HCV prevalence in the general population and healthy blood donors ranges from 3.13% to 23.83% and from 1.05% to 20.8%, respectively; whereas in the high-risk groups, HCV prevalence is up to 66%. Genotype 3 is most prevalent in Pakistan followed by genotypes 1 and 2 along with an alarming number of untypable viral genotypes in the local community. Mainly interferon-based antiviral regimens are used in Pakistan and are quite effective, because the major prevalent genotype (genotype 3) showed the best sustained virological response (SVR) with it. But a large number of individuals did not show SVR either because of infection with nonresponder genotypes or because of side effects. Due to these reasons, there was a need for interferon-free direct acting antivirals (DAAs). Recently, Sovaldi (Sofosbuvir: NS5B inhibitor) is approved on a heavy discounted rate for Pakistan; it is currently in effective use and showed good SVR. Sovaldi plus ribavirin is used alone or along with interferon to treat different viral genotypes. Sovaldi will be the future treatment regime for Pakistan, because genotype 2 and genotype 3 infected individuals achieve the best SVR with it. For the treatment of other prevalent viral genotypes, approval of some other DAAs such as Ledipasvir on discounted price is required for better disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT) , Lahore, Pakistan
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Amir S, Khan J, Afzal MS, Amen NE, Raza H, Safdar W, Ahmed H, Bostan N. Molecular epidemiology and genotyping of SEN Virus in thalassemia patients in Pakistan. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 44:300-302. [PMID: 27449954 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saira Amir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jehangir Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Nabgha-E Amen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Raza
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Safdar
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan
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Afzal MS. Predictive potential of IL-28B genetic testing for interferon based hepatitis C virus therapy in Pakistan: Current scenario and future perspective. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1116-1118. [PMID: 27660680 PMCID: PMC5026995 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i26.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Pakistan which ranked second in terms of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, it is highly needed to have an established diagnostic test for antiviral therapy response prediction. Interleukin 28B (IL-28B) genetic testing is widely used throughout the world for interferon based therapy prediction for HCV patients and is quite helpful not only for health care workers but also for the patients. There is a strong relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms at or near the IL-28B gene and the sustained virological response with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Pakistan is a resource limited country, with very low per capita income and there is no proper social security (health insurance) system. The allocated health budget by the government is very low and is used on other health emergencies like polio virus and dengue virus infection. Therefore it is proposed that there should be a well established diagnostic test on the basis of IL-28B which can predict the antiviral therapy response to strengthen health care set-up of Pakistan. This test once established will help in better management of HCV infected patients.
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Safarnezhad Tameshkel F, Karbalaie Niya MH, Sohrabi M, Panahi M, Zamani F, Imanzade F, Rakhshani N. Polymorphism of IL-28B Gene (rs12979860) in HCV Genotype 1Patients Treated by Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 11:216-221. [PMID: 27799970 PMCID: PMC5079454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, the immune response to hepatitis C (HCV) treatment has become a crucial issue mostly due to the interleukin 28B (IL-28B) polymorphism effects in chronic HCV patients. The aim of this study was to detect the polymorphism of IL-28B gene (rs12979860) in HCV genotype 1 patients treated with pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin. METHODS From the 2010 to 2012, a total of 115 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HCV patients who presented to Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran were enrolled in this retrospective cross sectional study. Samples were then categorized based on the presence of sustained virologic response (SVR and no-SVR). Variables including age, gender, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of the two groups were investigated based on different IL-28B genotypes. RESULTS Analysis by the variables of age and gender showed a mean age ± SD of 42.1±14.0 and gender variability of 44 females (38.2%) and 71 males (61.8%). Adding up these results, the analysis of ALT levels revealed that there was between 293 and 14 mg/ml; AST levels ranged between 217 and 17 mg/ml; the viral load (HCV RNA) ranged between 7,822,000 and 50 IU/ml; the prevalence of CC, CT and TT genotypes were 90.9%, 54% and 25.0%. CONCLUSION IL-28B polymorphism has an effective impact on the therapeutic response to ribavirin and peginterferon combination therapy in chronic HCV patients infected by different genotypes. This polymorphism is crucial in natural clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Msuodreza Sohrabi
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Imanzade
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Rakhshani
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Afzal MS, Ahmad T, Ahmed H. Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Iran; Viral Spread Routes in General Population and Safety Measures. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e17343. [PMID: 26587032 PMCID: PMC4644630 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.17343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
- Corresponding Author: Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan. Tel: +92-3215244808, Fax: +92-5190856102, E-mail:
| | - Tahir Ahmad
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Afzal MS, Khan MY, Ammar M, Anjum S, Zaidi NUSS. Diagnostically untypable hepatitis C virus variants: It is time to resolve the problem. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:17690-17692. [PMID: 25516688 PMCID: PMC4265635 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pakistan is a low income country with more than 10 million hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and the burden is on continuous raise. Accurate viral genotyping is very critical for proper treatment of the infected individuals as the sustained virological response of the standard antiviral interferon therapy is genotype dependent. We observed at our diagnostic center that 15.6% of HCV patient’s samples were not genotype-able by using Ohno et al method. The genotyped samples showed that 3a (68.3%) is the major prevalent genotype in Pakistan followed by 2a (10.3%), 3b (2.6%), 1b (1.5%), 2b (1.2%) and 1a (0.5%). Presence of large number of untypable HCV variants in the current study highlights an important issue of health care setup in Pakistan. Untypable HCV cases create difficulties in treatment of these patients. The problem of routine diagnostics setup of Pakistan should be addressed on priority basis to facilitate the medical professionals in patient’s treatment and to help in achieving the maximum sustained virological response.
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Afzal MS, Zaidi NUSS, Dubuisson J, Rouille Y. Hepatitis C virus capsid protein and intracellular lipids interplay and its association with hepatic steatosis. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e17812. [PMID: 25237371 PMCID: PMC4165984 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.17812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major causative agent for chronic liver disease worldwide. Hepatic steatosis is a frequent histological feature in patients with chronic HCV. Both host and viral factors are involved in steatosis development. It results from uncontrolled growth of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) in hepatocytes. LDs are intracellular organelles playing key role in the HCV life cycle. HCV core protein localizes at the LD surface and this localization is crucial for virion production. OBJECTIVES We explored in vitro interplay of core and LDs to investigate the role of core in steatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Core expression vectors were transfected in Huh-7 cells. The effect of core protein on LDs content and distribution in the cells was monitored by confocal microscopy. Cells were treated with oleic acid to analyze the effect of increased intracellular LDs on core expression. Core protein expression was monitored by western blot analysis. RESULTS Core expression altered the intracellular lipid metabolism, which resulted in a change in LDs morphology. Core LDs interaction was required for this effect since the mutation of two prolines (P138A, P143A), which impair LDs localization, had no impact on LDs morphology. Conversely, oleic acid induced intracellular LD content resulted in increased core expression. CONCLUSIONS Core-LDs interaction may be an underlying molecular mechanism to induce liver steatosis in patients with HCV infection. This interaction is also crucial for efficient viral replication and persistence in infected cells. Steatosis can also interfere with efficient standard interferon therapy treatment. Management of steatosis should be considered along with standard care for achieving higher sustained virological response (SVR) in patients receiving interferon regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan
- Corresponding Author: Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan. Tel: +92-3215244808, Fax: +92-5190856102, E-mail:
| | - Najam Us Sahar Sadaf Zaidi
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Yves Rouille
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
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Afzal MS, Anjum S, Zaidi NUSS. Changing of HCV clade pattern in iran; the possible means for something good. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e11879. [PMID: 24497875 PMCID: PMC3909638 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.11879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Corresponding Author: Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. Tel: +92-3215244808, Fax: +92-5190856102, E-mail:
| | - Sadia Anjum
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Najam us Sahar Sadaf Zaidi
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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