• BCL-2 family proteins
• Colorectal cancer
• Diagnostic markers
• Molecular docking
• Therapeutic interventions
• nsSNPs

• barriers
• cancer burden
• cancer care
• cancer epidemiology
• non‐communicable diseases

• Biodiversity
• Colorectal cancer
• Gastrointestinal microbiome
• Human
• Intestinal mucosa

• Humans
• Indonesia/epidemiology
• Colorectal Neoplasms/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Case-Control Studies
• Colonoscopy
• Colon/microbiology
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Aged
• Adult
• Metagenomics/methods
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/classification

• Singapore
• age-period-cohort
• early-onset colorectal cancer
• epidemiology
• health disparity
• joinpoint regression
• public health

• Humans
• Singapore/epidemiology
• Male
• Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Colorectal Neoplasms/ethnology
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Adult
• Aged
• Age of Onset
• Incidence
• Registries/statistics & numerical data
• Young Adult
• Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data
• Epidemiologic Studies
• Cohort Studies

• Age-standardized prevalence
• Cancer epidemiology
• Colorectal cancer
• Illness-death model

• Humans
• Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Male
• Female
• Global Health/statistics & numerical data
• Prevalence
• Forecasting
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Sex Distribution

• Colorectal cancer
• Ethiopia
• Mortality
• Predictors

• Humans
• Ethiopia/epidemiology
• Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality
• Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Survival Rate
• Male
• Risk Factors
• Female
• Incidence

• case-control studies
• colorectal cancer
• dietary patterns
• factor analysis
• physical activity
• sedentary behaviour
• smoking

• biomarker
• colon cancer
• glycoproteomics
• liquid biopsy
• screening

• Humans
• Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
• Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
• Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
• Liquid Biopsy
• Protein Processing, Post-Translational

• HCT 116 cell line
• HT 29 cell line
• antiproliferation
• bioactivity
• canarium odontophyllum
• colorectal cancer
• cytotoxicity
• stem bark

• Research University Grant

• Rats
• Animals
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Andrographis paniculata
• 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine/toxicity
• Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
• Plant Extracts/adverse effects
• Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control
• Anticarcinogenic Agents/therapeutic use
• Obesity/drug therapy
• Obesity/etiology
• Aberrant Crypt Foci
• Carcinogens

• KDM4E
• MUC16
• Malaysians colorectal cancer
• POTED
• RNF43
• druggable alterations
• precision medicine
• whole genome sequencing

• Dose delays
• Dose modifications
• Dose reduction
• FOLFOX
• Metastatic colorectal Cancer
• Oxaliplatin
• Palliative chemotherapy
• Relative dose intensity
• Survival

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks second among the most commonly occurring cancers in Malaysia, and unfortunately, its pathobiology remains unknown. CRC pathobiology can be understood in detail with the implementation of omics technology that is able to generate vast amounts of molecular data. The generation of omics data has introduced a new challenge for data organization. Therefore, a knowledge-based repository, namely TCGA-My, was developed to systematically store and organize CRC omics data for Malaysian patients. TCGA-My stores the genome and metabolome of Malaysian CRC patients. The genome and metabolome datasets were organized using a Python module, pandas. The variants and metabolites were first annotated with their biological information using gene ontologies (GOs) vocabulary. The TCGA-My relational database was then built using HeidiSQL PorTable 9.4.0.512, and Laravel was used to design the web interface. Currently, TCGA-My stores 1,517,841 variants, 23,695 genes, and 167,451 metabolites from the samples of 50 CRC patients. Data entries can be accessed via search and browse menus. TCGA-My aims to offer effective and systematic omics data management, allowing it to become the main resource for Malaysian CRC research, particularly in the context of biomarker identification for precision medicine.

Epidemiological studies of incidence play an essential role in quantifying disease burden, resource planning, and informing public health policies. A variety of measures for estimating cancer incidence have been used. Appropriate reporting of incidence calculations is essential to enable clear interpretation. This review uses colorectal cancer (CRC) as an exemplar to summarize and describe variation in commonly employed incidence measures and evaluate the quality of reporting incidence methods.

We searched four databases for CRC incidence studies published between January 2010 and May 2020. Two independent reviewers screened all titles and abstracts. Eligible studies were population-based cancer registry studies evaluating CRC incidence. We extracted data on study characteristics and author-defined criteria for assessing the quality of reporting incidence. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the information.

This review retrieved 165 relevant articles. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) (80%) was the most commonly reported incidence measure, and the 2000 U.S. standard population the most commonly used reference population (39%). Slightly more than half (54%) of the studies reported CRC incidence stratified by anatomical site. The quality of reporting incidence methods was suboptimal. Of all included studies: 45 (27%) failed to report the classification system used to define CRC; 63 (38%) did not report CRC codes; and only 20 (12%) documented excluding certain CRC cases from the numerator. Concerning the denominator estimation: 61% of studies failed to state the source of population data; 24 (15%) indicated census years; 10 (6%) reported the method used to estimate yearly population counts; and only 5 (3%) explicitly explained the population size estimation procedure to calculate the overall average incidence rate. Thirty-three (20%) studies reported the confidence interval for incidence, and only 7 (4%) documented methods for dealing with missing data.

This review identified variations in incidence calculation and inadequate reporting of methods. We outlined recommendations to optimize incidence estimation and reporting practices. There is a need to establish clear guidelines for incidence reporting to facilitate assessment of the validity and interpretation of reported incidence.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12874-022-01632-7.

• Cancer registry
• Colorectal cancer
• Incidence
• Methods
• Population-based study
• Reporting
• Systematic review

In Uganda, similar to other countries in East Africa, the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been steadily increasing. This increase in incidence is accompanied by a poor prognosis. There is limited knowledge on factors responsible for the poor outcome of patients with CRC in Uganda. Cancer survival analysis is one way of determining some of these prognostic factors. The aim of this study was to determine prognostic factors associated with CRC survival in Ugandan patients.

This was a retroprospective cohort study involving patients with linked data in the Kampala cancer registry and medical records from hospitals in Uganda. Participants with a diagnosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma between 1st January 2008 and 31st December 2018 were included. Variables included patients’ demographic data, grade, stage and location of CRC, data on whether a patient was operated on, type of operation, treatment modalities and date of diagnosis. Our outcome variable was time to death after diagnosis. We computed and compared survival using the Log rank test and used Cox proportional hazards regression to determine factors associated with survival.

A total of 247 patients were included in the study with a mean (SD) age of 53.3 (15.7) years and a female: male ratio of 1.14:1. The proportions of patients surviving at 1, 2 and 3 years were 65.2% (95% CI: 58.8–70.9), 42.0% (95% CI:35.6–48.3) and 33.3% (95% CI:27.3–39.4) respectively. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with increased mortality included clinical stage II (aHR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.10–5.41, p=0.028), stage III (aHR=2.65, 95% CI: 1.31–5.39, p=0.007) and stage IV (aHR=5.47, 95% CI: 2.40–12.48, p<0.001). Curative surgery alone (aHR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.39–1.01, p=0.057) and curative surgery with chemotherapy (aHR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.32–0.88, p=0.015) were associated with a better survival.

The survival rate among CRC patients in Uganda is low. Advanced stage CRC accelerates mortality, while surgery alone or in combination with chemotherapy improves survival. Implementation of national screening programmes for early diagnosis of CRC and increasing surgery and oncology infrastructure is recommended to improve the CRC survival rate in the Ugandan population.

• no specific funding

• ESMO
• Pan-Asian
• diagnosis
• guidelines
• localised colon cancer
• treatment

• Asia/epidemiology
• Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Medical Oncology
• Republic of Korea

• Colorectal cancer
• EOCRC
• Early-onset
• Incidence
• Kuala Lumpur
• Malaysia
• Multi-ethnic

• Malaysia
• colorectal cancer
• prognosis
• survival rates
• young adults

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It is the second leading cause of cancer death in men and women in Brunei Darussalam in 2017, posing a major burden on society.

This retrospective cohort study (n = 1035 patients diagnosed with CRC in Brunei Darussalam from 1st January 2002 until 31st December 2017) aims to compare the overall survival rates of CRC patients (2002–2017), to compare survival rates between two study periods (2002–2009 and 2010–2017) and to identify prognostic factors of CRC. Kaplan-Meier estimator and log-rank tests were performed to analyse the overall survival rates of CRC patients. Multiple Cox regression was performed to determine the prognostic factors of CRC with adjusted hazard ratios (Adj. HRs) reported.

The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of CRC patients are 78.6, 62.5, and 56.0% respectively from 2002 to 2017. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of CRC patients for 2002–2009 are 82.2, 69.6, and 64.7%; 77.0, 59.1, and 51.3% for 2010–2017 respectively. A significant difference in CRC patients’ survival rate was observed between the two study periods, age groups, ethnic groups, cancer stages, and sites of cancer (p < 0.05). The Adjusted Hazard Ratios (Adj. HRs) were significantly higher in the 2010–17 period (Adj. HR = 1.78, p < 0.001), older age group ( ≥ 60 years) (Adj. HR = 1.93, p = 0.005), distant cancer (Adj. HR = 4.69, p < 0.010), tumor at transverse colon and splenic flexure of colon (Adj. HR = 2.44, p = 0.009), and lower in the Chinese(Adj. HR = 0.63, p = 0.003).

This study highlights the lower survival rates of CRC patients in 2010–2017, Malays, older patients, distant cancer, and tumors located at the latter half of the proximal colon (transverse colon), and predominantly LCRC (splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, overlapping lesion colon and colon (NOS), as well as the rectosigmoid junction and rectum (NOS)). Age, ethnicity, cancer stage, and tumor location are significant prognostic factors for CRC. These findings underscore the importance of public health policies and programmes to enhance awareness on CRC from screening to developing strategies for early detection and management, to reduce CRC-associated mortality.

• Brunei Darussalam
• Cancer registry
• Colorectal cancer
• Prognosis
• Survival rate
• Survival time

Malaysia is an ethnically diverse nation, comprising Malay, Chinese, Indian and indigenous groups. However, epidemiological studies on colorectal cancer have mainly focused on the three main ethnic groups. There is evidence that the clinico-pathological characteristics of some cancers may differ in indigenous populations, namely that they occur earlier and behave more aggressively. We aimed to determine if there were similar differences in colorectal cancer, focusing on the indigenous populations of Sabah.

Histopathological reports of all patients diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma from January 2012 to December 2016 from public hospitals in Sabah were retrieved from the central computerized database of the Pathology Department of Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Supplementary data was obtained from patients’ case files from each hospital. Clinico-pathological data were analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistical Software Version 23 for Windows for descriptive statistics (mean, median, ASR, AR, relative risk) and inferential statistics (Chi square test).

A total of 696 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median age for colorectal cancer in Sabah was 62 years (95% CI 60.3 to 62.3), with an age specific incidence rate of 21.4 per 100 000 population. The age specific incidence rate in the indigenous populations was 26.6 per 100 000, much lower than the Chinese, at 65.0 per 100 000. The risk of colorectal cancer occurring before the age of 50 was three times higher in the indigenous population compared to the Chinese. The tumours were mainly left-sided (56.5%), adenocarcinoma in histology (98.4%) and moderately differentiated (88.7%). Approximately 79.2% of patients received curative treatment.

Indigenous populations in Sabah develop colorectal cancer at an earlier age, and present at more advanced stages. This has implications for screening and therapeutic strategic planning.

• Colorectal carcinoma
• Indigenous
• Sabah
• colorectal cancer

• cancer
• microbiology
• molecular biology

• Aged
• Akkermansia/isolation & purification
• Case-Control Studies
• Cohort Studies
• Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Colorectal Neoplasms/microbiology
• DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
• Dysbiosis/complications
• Dysbiosis/diagnosis
• Dysbiosis/microbiology
• Feces/microbiology
• Female
• Firmicutes/isolation & purification
• Fusobacterium nucleatum/isolation & purification
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Malaysia
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Peptostreptococcus/isolation & purification
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

• Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia

Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy in Saudi Arabia. The best therapeutic regimen for colorectal cancer is a matter of ongoing debate and data on its treatment in Saudi Arabia are limited.

The objective of this study was to explore the predictors of survival and to compare the risk of mortality among colorectal cancer patients treated with different therapeutic modalities.

The study utilized data from the electronic colorectal cancer registry of a university-affiliated tertiary care hospital. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the survival rates over 36 months of follow-up across rectal and colon cancer patients as well as different sociodemographic and medical characteristics. Bivariate and multiple Cox proportional-hazards regressions were conducted to estimate the risk of mortality among rectal and colon cancer patients undergoing different treatments.

The number of patients in the registry who were followed up for 36 months was 143 patients. The majority of patients had colon cancer (74.13%). Rectal cancer patients had generally better survival estimates compared to their colon cancer counterparts. Colon cancer patients treated with chemotherapy had a significantly lower risk of mortality controlling for the use of surgery, radiotherapy, and other variables including age, gender, stage of cancer, and family history of colorectal cancer (HR=0.33; P=0.03). Additionally, colon cancer patients with a family history of colorectal cancer had significantly higher risk of mortality (HR=3.40; P=0.02).

The findings of this study highlight the value of chemotherapy in managing colon cancer patients.

• Saudi Arabia
• chemotherapy
• colorectal cancer
• surgery
• survival

Escherichia coli (E. coli) from the B2 phylogenetic group is implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC) as it possesses a genomic island, termed polyketide synthetase (pks), which codes for the synthesis of colibactin, a genotoxin that induces DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, mutations and chromosomal instability in eukaryotic cells. The aim of this study was to detect and compare the prevalence of E. coli expressing pks (pks⁺E. coli) in CRC patients and healthy controls followed by investigating the virulence triggered by pks⁺E. coli using an in-vitro model. Mucosal colon tissues were collected and processed to determine the presence of pks⁺E. coli. Thereafter, primary colon epithelial (PCE) and colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cell lines were used to detect cytopathic response to the isolated pks⁺E. coli strains. Our results showed 16.7% and 4.3% of CRC and healthy controls, respectively were pks⁺E. coli. Further, PCE displayed syncytia and cell swelling and HCT116 cells, megalocytosis, in response to treatment with the isolated pks⁺E. coli strains. In conclusion, pks⁺E. coli was more often isolated from tissue of CRC patients compared to healthy individuals, and our in-vitro assays suggest these isolated strains may be involved in the initiation and development of CRC.

• Asia
• Colonoscopy
• Colorectal cancer
• Epidemiology
• Population
• Screening

• Asia/epidemiology
• Colonoscopy/methods
• Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy
• Early Detection of Cancer/methods
• Humans
• Incidence
• Mass Screening/methods
• Population Surveillance/methods
• Prognosis

• Asia
• Colorectal neoplasms
• Epidemiology
• Risk

Tumour-associated macrophage (TAM) serves as the site in which most inflammatory cells coreside. It plays an important role in determining the progression and metastasis of a tumour. The characteristic of TAM is largely dependent on the stimuli present in its tumour microenvironment (TME). Under this environment, however, M2 macrophages are found to be in abundance compared to M1 macrophages which later promote tumour progression. Numerous studies have elucidated the relationship between TAM and the progression of tumour; hence, TAM has now been the subject of interest among researchers for anticancer therapy. This review discusses the role of TAM in colorectal cancer (CRC) and some of the potential candidates that could reeducate TAM to fight against CRC. It is with hope that this review will serve as the foundation in understanding TAM in CRC and helping other researchers to select the most suitable candidate to reeducate TAM that could assist in enhancing the tumouricidal activity of M1 macrophage and eventually repress the development of CRC.

Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death globally. It is the second most common cancer among both males and females in Malaysia. The economic burden of colorectal cancer is likely to increase over time owing to its current trend and aging population. Cancer survival analysis is an essential indicator for early detection and improvement in cancer treatment. However, there was a scarcity of studies concerning survival of colorectal cancer patients as well as its predictors. Therefore, we aimed to determine the 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates, compare survival rates among ethnic groups and determine the predictors of survival among colorectal cancer patients.

This was an ambidirectional cohort study conducted at the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. All Malaysian citizens or permanent residents with histologically confirmed diagnosis of colorectal cancer seen at UMMC from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2010 were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics were extracted from the medical records. Patients were followed-up until death or censored at the end of the study (31st December 2010). Censored patients’ vital status (whether alive or dead) were cross checked with the National Registration Department. Survival analyses at 1-, 3- and 5-year intervals were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank test was used to compare the survival rates, while Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was carried out to determine the predictors of 5-year colorectal cancer survival.

Among 1212 patients, the median survival for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers were 42.0, 42.0 and 41.0 months respectively; while the 1-, 3-, and 5-year relative survival rates ranged from 73.8 to 76.0%, 52.1 to 53.7% and 40.4 to 45.4% respectively. The Chinese patients had the lowest 5-year survival compared to Malay and Indian patients. Based on the 814 patients with data on their Duke’s staging, independent predictors of poor colorectal cancer (5-year) survival were male sex (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.76), Chinese ethnicity (HR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.07,1.85), elevated (≥ 5.1 ng/ml) pre-operative carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) level (HR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.60, 2.83), Duke’s stage C (HR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.28, 2.21), Duke’s stage D (HR: 4.61; 95% CI: 3.39, 6.28) and emergency surgery (HR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.15).

The survival rates of colorectal cancer among our patients were comparable with those of some Asian countries but lower than those found in more developed countries. Males and patients from the Chinese ethnic group had lower survival rates compared to their counterparts. More advanced staging and late presentation were important predictors of colorectal cancer survival. Health education programs targeting high risk groups and emphasizing the importance of screening and early diagnosis, as well as the recognition of symptoms and risk factors should be implemented. A nationwide colorectal cancer screening program should be designed and implemented to increase early detection and improve survival outcomes.

• Colorectal cancer
• Ethnic disparities
• Malaysia
• Survival rates

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer death in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the provincial distribution of the incidence of CRC across Iran.

This epidemiologic study used data from the National Cancer Registry of Iran and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. The average annual age-standardized rate (ASR) for the incidence of CRC was calculated for each province.

We found that adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified) was the most common histological subtype of CRC in males and females, accounting for 81.91 and 81.95% of CRC cases, respectively. Signet ring cell carcinoma was the least prevalent subtype of CRC in males and females and accounted for 1.5 and 0.94% of CRC cases, respectively. In patients aged 45 years or older, there was a steady upward trend in the incidence of CRC, and the highest ASR of CRC incidence among both males and females was in the age group of 80-84 years, with an ASR of 144.69 per 100,000 person-years for males and 119.18 per 100,000 person-years for females. The highest incidence rates of CRC in Iran were found in the central, northern, and western provinces. Provinces in the southeast of Iran had the lowest incidence rates of CRC.

Wide geographical variation was found in the incidence of CRC across the 31 provinces of Iran. These variations must be considered for prevention and control programs for CRC, as well as for resource allocation purposes.

• Colorectal neoplasms
• Epidemiologic studies
• Incidence
• Iran
• Sex