• colonization
• developing countries
• lactobacilli
• neonate
• probiotic
• randomized controlled trial
• safety
• severe infection
• synbiotic
• tolerability

• Humans
• Oligosaccharides/administration & dosage
• Bangladesh
• Infant, Newborn
• Female
• Infant
• Male
• Probiotics/administration & dosage
• Feces/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
• Lactobacillus plantarum/genetics

• INV-007389 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
• GR-02268 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (GF)

• Bifidobacterium longum 35624®
• Abdominal pain
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Post-market clinical follow-up study
• Probiotics

• Humans
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy
• Probiotics/administration & dosage
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Adult
• Female
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Bifidobacterium longum/physiology
• Young Adult
• Treatment Outcome
• Aged
• Germany
• Surveys and Questionnaires

• MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH & Co KG
• Biocodex SAS, France

• Humans
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
• Pilot Projects
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/microbiology
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy
• Female
• Male
• Dietary Supplements
• Adult
• Middle Aged
• Tannins/pharmacology
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/drug effects
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Feces/microbiology
• Prospective Studies
• Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
• Young Adult
• Diarrhea/microbiology
• Diarrhea/drug therapy

• Efficacy
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Meta-analysis
• Probiotics
• Safety

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Treatment Outcome
• Quality of Life
• Abdominal Pain

• Dysbiosis
• Gut
• Inflammation
• Microbiome
• Neuropathy
• Pain

• Animals
• Humans
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• Chronic Pain/therapy
• Central Nervous System
• Inflammation
• Visceral Pain/therapy
• Brain

• 2′-fucosyllactose
• Akkermansia muciniphila
• colitis
• colonization
• synbiotics

• Animals
• Humans
• Mice
• Akkermansia
• Caco-2 Cells
• Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
• Glucose/metabolism
• Trisaccharides

• B. infantis
• Bifidobacterium
• Gut microbiome
• Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO)
• Live biotherapeutic product (LBP)
• gut microbiota
• microbiome modulation
• synbiotic

• Humans
• Animals
• Mice
• Bifidobacterium
• Milk, Human/metabolism
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Oligosaccharides/metabolism
• Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis

• irritable bowel syndrome
• multi-level meta-analysis
• probiotics
• systematic review

• Humans
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Abdominal Pain/etiology
• Abdominal Pain/therapy
• Quality of Life
• Time Factors
• Treatment Outcome

• Bifidobacterium infantis
• gut microbiota
• human milk oligosaccharides
• immune function
• intestinal development

• Bifidobacterium infantis 35624
• Constipation
• Estreñimiento
• Probiotic
• Probiótico

• Humans
• Female
• Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis/genetics
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Constipation/therapy
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Feces/microbiology

• B. infantis
• Bifidobacterium
• HMO
• LBP
• Veillonella
• gut engraftment
• gut microbiome
• gut microbiota
• human milk oligosaccharides
• live biotherapeutic product
• microbiome modulation
• propionate

• Infant
• Humans
• Adult
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Dysbiosis
• Milk, Human
• Synbiotics
• Microbiota
• Lactic Acid
• Veillonella

• efficacy
• irritable bowel syndrome
• network meta-analysis
• outcome
• probiotic

• Adult
• Humans
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy
• Network Meta-Analysis
• Abdominal Pain/therapy
• Bacillus coagulans
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae

• 81970471 the National Natural Science Foundation of China

• depression
• gut microbiota
• metabolic disease
• microbial metabolites
• obesity

• bacterial viability
• brain health
• fermentation
• gastrointestinal passage
• gut–brain axis
• neurological disorders
• probiotics
• psychobiotics

• Anxiety
• Bifidobacterium longum
• Comorbidities
• Epilepsy
• Microbiome-gut-brain axis
• Quality of life

• Animals
• Mice
• Bacteria
• Immunity, Innate
• Limosilactobacillus reuteri
• Lymphocytes
• Proteins
• Ruminococcus

• F31 AI161989 NIAID NIH HHS

• Fiber
• Gluten
• Gut microbiome
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Low FODMAP
• Probiotic

• 16S rRNA gene sequence
• AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
• Bifidobacteria
• CE-TOFMS, capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry
• CSA, D-camphor-10-sulfonic acid
• ESVs, exact sequence variants
• FDR, false discovery rate
• Gut microbiota
• IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
• IBS, irritable bowel syndrome
• ITT, intention-to-treat
• MCMC, Markov Chain Monte Carlo
• MDS, multidimensional scaling
• Machine learning
• Metabologenomics
• NRs, nonresponders
• PP, per-protocol population
• PSRF, potential scale reduction factor
• Probiotics
• SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
• SRs, strong responders
• WAIC, Widely Applicable Information Criterion
• WRs, weak responders

• Antibiotics
• dietary habits
• faecal microbiota transplantation
• irritable bowel syndrome
• prebiotics
• probiotics

• constipation
• irritable bowel syndrome
• meta-analysis
• probiotics
• systematic review

• B. infantis
• Bifidobacterium
• HMO
• LBP
• gut engraftment
• gut microbiome
• gut microbiota
• human milk oligosaccharides
• live biotherapeutic product
• microbiome modulation

Background: Probiotic and low fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) diet are two commonly used management approaches for patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to evaluate the most effective combinations and components among different probiotics or low FODMAP diet through component network meta-analysis (NMA).

Methods: We searched Embase, Ovid Medline, and Web of Science from inception to 21 January 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy of probiotics and low FODMAP diet for IBS were included, with placebo, sham diet, or conventional treatments as controls. Binary outcomes were compared among treatments using the relative ratio (RR). A minimally contextualized framework recommended by the GRADE group was used to evaluate the certainty of evidence. The primary efficacy outcome was the relief of global IBS symptoms, and the secondary efficacy outcome was the reduction in IBS symptom scores or abdominal pain scores.

Key Results: We included 76 RCTs (n = 8058) after screening 1940 articles. Eight RCTs were classified as low risk of bias. Standard network meta-analysis (NMA) showed that Lactobacillus (RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.22–2.48) and Bifidobacterium (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.01–3.07) were the most effective for the primary efficacy outcome (high certainty evidence); component NMA showed that Bacillus (RR 5.67, 95% CI 1.88 to 17.08, p = 0.002) and Lactobacillus (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.91, p = 0.017) were among the most effective components. The results of standard NMA and CNMA analysis of the improvement of overall IBS symptom scores or abdominal pain scores were consistent with this finding.

Conclusion:Lactobacillus was the most effective component for the relief of IBS symptoms; Bifidobacterium and Bacillus were possibly effective and need further verification.

Systematic Review Registration: website, identifier registration number.

• and polyols
• component network meta-analysis
• disaccharides
• irritable bowel syndrome
• low fermentable oligosaccharides
• monosaccharides
• probiotics
• systematic review

• Clinical trials
• Genomics
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Microbiota
• Probiotics

Bifidobacterium longum 35624 has shown efficacy in improving irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms compared with placebo in double-blind randomized studies. However, few data are available from real-life clinical practice or from studies that used Rome IV criteria to diagnose IBS.

To assess the effect of B. longum 35624 on IBS severity and quality of life in a real-life setting.

From November 2018 to January 2020, 278 patients with IBS (according to Rome IV criteria) were enrolled in a prospective, open-label, multicenter observational study by private practice gastroenterologists to received one capsule of B. longum 35624 (10⁹ colony-forming units) per day for 30 d. Participation in the study was independently proposed to patients during spontaneous consultations. Disease severity (assessed by the IBS severity scoring system) and patient quality of life (assessed by the IBS quality of life questionnaire) were compared between the inclusion visit (baseline) and the visit at the end of 30 d of treatment. The characteristics of patients were described at baseline. Continuous variables comparisons between inclusion and end-of-treatment visits were performed using the t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Categorical variables comparisons were performed using the χ2 test.

A total of 233 patients, with a mean age of 51.4 years and composed of 71.2% women, were included in the study. Of these patients, 48.1% had moderate IBS and 46.4% had severe IBS. After a 30-d treatment period with one B. longum 35624 capsule per day, a significant decrease in IBS severity was observed compared to baseline (mean ± SD, IBS severity scoring system scores: 208 ± 104 vs 303 ± 81, P < 0.001) and 57% of patients moved to lower severity categories or achieved remission. The quality of life of patients was also improved by the treatment (IBS Quality of Life questionnaire score: 68.8 ± 20.9 vs 60.2 ± 20.5; P < 0.001) and 63.8% of patients were satisfied with the treatment.

Thirty days of treatment with B. longum 35624 reduces disease severity and improves the quality of life of patients with IBS, particularly those with the most severe forms of IBS.

• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Probiotics
• Bifidobacterium longum
• Quality of life
• Severity of illness index
• Abdominal pain

• Bifidobacterium longum
• Female
• Humans
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/drug therapy
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Quality of Life
• Severity of Illness Index

• fecal microbiota transplantation
• functional dyspepsia
• gastroparesis
• impaired barrier function
• irritable bowel syndrome
• prucalopride
• relamorelin
• visceral hypersensitivity

The gastrointestinal system is responsible for the digestion and the absorption of nutrients. At the same time, it is essentially involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. The strongest antigen contact in an organism takes place in the digestive system showing the importance of a host to develop mechanisms allowing to discriminate between harmful and harmless antigens. An efficient intestinal barrier and the presence of a large and complex part of the immune system in the gut support the host to implement this task. The continuous ingestion of harmless antigens via the diet requires an efficient immune response to reliably identify them as safe. However, in some cases the immune system accidentally identifies harmless antigens as dangerous leading to various diseases such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases and allergies. It has been shown that the intestinal immune function can be affected by bioactive compounds derived from the diet. The present review provides an overview on the mucosal immune reactions in the gut and how bioactive food ingredients including secondary plant metabolites and probiotics mediate its health promoting effects with regard to the intestinal immune homeostasis.

• immune system
• mucosal immunity
• plant bioactives
• prebiotics
• probiotics

• Animals
• Biological Factors/administration & dosage
• Biological Factors/immunology
• Diet/classification
• Humans
• Immunity
• Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
• Phytochemicals/administration & dosage
• Phytochemicals/immunology
• Prebiotics/administration & dosage
• Probiotics/administration & dosage
• Secondary Metabolism

• early-life intervention
• gut microbiota
• inflammatory bowel disease
• probiotics
• weaning

• Abdominal pain
• Bifidobacterium
• Irritable bowel syndrome

• Bifidobacterium breve M-16V
• colonization
• gut microbiota
• low birth weight infants
• probiotics

Probiotics are becoming a prevalent supplement to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in infants born preterm. However, little is known about the ability of these live bacterial supplements to colonize the gut or how they affect endogenous bacterial strains and the overall gut community. We capitalized on a natural experiment resulting from a policy change that introduced the use of probiotics to preterm infants in a single Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. We used amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) derived from the v3 region of the 16S rRNA gene to compare the prevalence and abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the gut of preterm infants who were and were not exposed to a probiotic supplement in-hospital. Infants were followed to 5 months corrected age. In the probiotic-exposed infants, ASVs belonging to species of Bifidobacterium appeared at high relative abundance during probiotic supplementation and persisted for up to 5 months. In regression models that controlled for the confounding effects of age and antibiotic exposure, probiotic-exposed infants had a higher abundance of the suspected probiotic bifidobacteria than unexposed infants. Conversely, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus was similar between preterm groups over time. Lactobacillus abundance was inversely related to antibiotic exposure. Furthermore, the overall gut microbial community of the probiotic-exposed preterm infants at term corrected age clustered more closely to samples collected from 10-day old full-term infants than to samples from unexposed preterm infants at term age. In conclusion, routine in-hospital administration of probiotics to preterm infants resulted in the potential for colonization of the gut with probiotic organisms post-discharge and effects on the gut microbiome as a whole. Further research is needed to fully discriminate probiotic bacterial strains from endogenous strains and to explore their functional role in the gut microbiome and in infant health.

• Bifidobacterium
• Lactobacillus
• early preterm infants
• gut microbiota
• probiotics

• efficacy
• irratable bowel syndrome
• meta-analysis
• probiotics
• safety

• Gut microbiota
• Probiotics
• Short-chain fatty acid
• Time duration

• Animals
• Dietary Supplements
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Microbiota
• Prebiotics
• Probiotics

• antibiotics
• fecal micriobiota transplantation
• irritable bowel syndrome
• microbiota
• probiotics

• Next-generation sequencing
• antibiotics
• microbiome
• probiotics

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia in children. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) can be successfully treated with azithromycin; however, antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common adverse effect. Increasing evidence suggests that some probiotics may prevent the development of AAD. The present study determined the effects of probiotics (live Clostridium butyricum plus Bifidobacterium infantis) on the prevention and treatment of AAD in children with MPP when co-administered with intravenous azithromycin. Fifty-five children with MPP were enrolled and received azithromycin (10 mg/kg/day; once daily for 7 days) combined with probiotics (starting on the third day of azithromycin treatment; 1,500 mg three times daily); 50 healthy children served as controls. At the end of the trial, the incidence of AAD, fecal microbiota, intestinal mucosal barriers, and systemic inflammation were analyzed using recommended systems biology techniques. No cases of AAD or other adverse events occurred in children with MPP after co-administration of probiotics with azithromycin. A live C. butyricum plus B. infantis preparation partly reconstructed the gut microbiota, especially restoration of bacterial diversity. The indicators of intestinal mucosal barrier function, such as D-lactate, endotoxin, and diamine oxidase, were significantly improved and the systemic inflammation (interleukin 10) was attenuated after probiotic therapy. The present study indicated that co-administration of probiotics with azithromycin is a promising therapy for MPP treatment which could prevent and treat AAD effectively.

• Bifidobacterium
• Clostridium
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
• azithromycin
• probiotics

• Microbiota
• Prebiotic
• Probiotic
• Synbiotics

The advent and widespread availability of high-throughput technology has revolutionized the assessment of the communities of microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract––the gut microbiota. As our understanding of the role of the microbiota in health and human disease increases, so also do efforts to prevent and treat disease through the modulation of the microbiota. Several strategies are available to us and range from time honored approaches, such as antibiotics and probiotics, to changes in diet, the administration of prebiotics as food supplements, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Of these, diet is perhaps the most pervasive but often ignored modulator of the microbiota, and a failure to recognize its impact complicates the interpretation of many microbiota studies. The impacts of antibiotics on the microbiota are more complex than originally thought and, though antibiotics can be life-saving, their effects on commensal bacterial populations can be clinically significant. Though there have been many studies of, and even more claims made for, probiotics, the majority of available studies suffer from significant deficits in study design and execution and many claims remain to be substantiated. Though holding much promise, the study of prebiotics in human disease is still in its infancy. Possibilities other than the administration of live organisms have been identified through efforts to mine the microbiota for novel therapeutics and include: dead organisms, bacterial components, small molecules elaborated by bacteria, and even bacterial DNA. Accordingly, the term pharmabiotic has been introduced to encompass the full range of therapeutic possibilities that the microbiota offers.

• Anti-bacterial agents
• Gastrointestinal microbiome
• Prebiotics
• Probiotics
• Synbiotics

• calcium
• iron
• microbiota
• minerals
• probiotics

• Animals
• Bacteria/classification
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Bacteria/metabolism
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Intestine, Large/metabolism
• Intestine, Large/microbiology
• Minerals/metabolism