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Ghorbani Siavashani A, Rehan M, Travas-Sejdic J, Thomas D, Diller E, Stine J, Ghodssi R, Avci E. Ingestible Smart Capsules for Chemical Sensing in the Gut. Anal Chem 2025; 97:5343-5354. [PMID: 40047504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c04683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
The development of novel ingestible sensors can aid physicians and patients in obtaining precise data on the health status of the gut at a local level. This in turn can facilitate earlier and more accurate disease diagnosis, improve the delivery of point-of-care medicine, and allow monitoring of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract status. This Tutorial overviews characteristics of the gut for inexpert readers and reviews emerging chemical sensing technologies for the GI tract from an analytical chemistry viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Rehan
- Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David Thomas
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Eric Diller
- Microrobotics Lab, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Justin Stine
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Systems Research, and Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Systems Research, and Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ebubekir Avci
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Tawheed A, Ismail A, Amer MS, Elnahas O, Mowafy T. Capsule endoscopy: Do we still need it after 24 years of clinical use? World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31:102692. [PMID: 39926220 PMCID: PMC11718605 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i5.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/02/2024] [Indexed: 12/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this letter, we comment on a recent article published in the World Journal of Gastroenterology by Xiao et al, where the authors aimed to use a deep learning model to automatically detect gastrointestinal lesions during capsule endoscopy (CE). CE was first presented in 2000 and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2001. The indications of CE overlap with those of regular diagnostic endoscopy. However, in clinical practice, CE is usually used to detect lesions in areas inaccessible to standard endoscopies or in cases of bleeding that might be missed during conventional endoscopy. Since the emergence of CE, many physiological and technical challenges have been faced and addressed. In this letter, we summarize the current challenges and briefly mention the proposed methods to overcome these challenges to answer a central question: Do we still need CE?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawheed
- Department of Endemic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Alaa Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mohab S Amer
- Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- Department of Research, SMART Company for Research Services, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Osama Elnahas
- Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Tawhid Mowafy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gardenia Medical Center, Doha 0000, Qatar
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Wen R, Yan G, Wang Z, Zhuang H, Kuang S. Wireless power transfer system for capsule robot designed by radial square transmitting coil pair with novel ferrite structure. Int J Med Robot 2023:e2598. [PMID: 38009951 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wireless power transmission for capsule robots has always posed challenges due to the unpredictable postures. METHODS A radial transmitting coil with a novel ferrite structure is proposed, which consists of two parts with the function of converging magnetic induction lines and reducing magnetic leakage. To improve the flux density, uniformity, and shielding effectiveness, the design parameters are discussed and optimized on the basis of analytical calculations and simulation analysis. RESULTS The proposed ferrite structure improves the power transfer efficiency from 2.78% to 5.21%. Additionally, the power transfer stability showed a slight improvement from 76.4% to 77.6%, while magnetic leakage was reduced by 84%. Finally, the human tissue safety is also discussed and verified. CONCLUSIONS The wireless power transfer system is shown to be feasible and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renqing Wen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guozheng Yan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyu Zhuang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Kuang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Moon S. A Planar-Type Micro-Biopsy Tool for a Capsule-Type Endoscope Using a One-Step Nickel Electroplating Process. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1900. [PMID: 37893337 PMCID: PMC10609584 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Millimeter-scale biopsy tools combined with an endoscope instrument have been widely used for minimal invasive surgery and medical diagnosis. Recently, a capsule-type endoscope was developed, which requires micromachining to fabricate micro-scale biopsy tools that have a sharp tip and other complex features, e.g., nanometer-scale end-tip sharpness and a complex scalpel design. However, conventional machining approaches are not cost-effective for mass production and cannot fabricate the micrometer-scale features needed for biopsy tools. Here, we demonstrate an electroplated nickel micro-biopsy tool which features a planar shape and is suitable to be equipped with a capsule-type endoscope. Planar-type micro-biopsy tools are designed, fabricated, and evaluated through in vitro tissue dissection experiments. Various micro-biopsy tools with a long shaft and sharp tip can be easily fabricated using a thick photoresist (SU8) mold via a simple one-step lithography and nickel electroplating process. The characteristics of various micro-biopsy tool design features, including a tip taper angle, different tool geometries, and a cutting scalpel, are evaluated for efficient tissue extraction from mice intestine. These fabricated biopsy tools have shown appropriate strength and sharpness with a sufficient amount of tissue extraction for clinical applications, e.g., cancer tissue biopsy. These micro-scale biopsy tools could be easily integrated with a capsule-type endoscope and conventional forceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Moon
- Department of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Changwon 51391, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; ; Tel.: +82-55-250-7304; Fax: +82-55-250-7399
- Cyberneticsimagingsystems Co., Ltd., Changwon 51391, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Murliky L, Oliveira G, de Sousa FR, Brusamarello VJ. Tracking and Dynamic Tuning of a Wireless Powered Endoscopic Capsule. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6924. [PMID: 36146266 PMCID: PMC9506451 DOI: 10.3390/s22186924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work presents an inductive wireless power transfer system for powering an endoscopy capsule supplying energy to power electronic devices allocated inside a capsule of ≈26.1 mm × 9 mm. A receiver with three coils in quadrature with dimensions of ≈9 mm × 9 mm × 10 mm is located inside the capsule, moving freely inside a transmitter coil with 380 mm diameter through translations and revolutions. The proposed system tracks the variations of the equivalent magnetic coupling coefficient compensating misalignments between the transmitter and receiver coils. The power on the load is estimated and optimized from the transmitter, and the tracking control is performed by actuating on a capacitance in the matching network and on the voltage source frequency. The proposed system can prevent load overheating by limiting the power via adjusting of the magnitude of voltage source VS. Experimental results with uncertainties analysis reveal that, even at low magnetic coupling coefficients k ranging from (1.7 × 10-3, 3.5 × 10-3), the power on the load can be held within the range of 100-130 mW. These results are achieved with any position of the capsule in the space, limited by the diameter of the transmitter coil and height of 200 mm when adjusting the series capacitance of the transmitter in the range (17.4, 19.4) pF and the frequency of the power source in the range (802.1, 809.5) kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Murliky
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Oliveira
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rangel de Sousa
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Valner João Brusamarello
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Khan H, Alijani A, Mowat C, Cuschieri A. Soft hybrid intrinsically motile robot for wireless small bowel enteroscopy. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:4624-4630. [PMID: 35102429 PMCID: PMC9085689 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-09007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulties in establishing diagnosis of small bowel (SB) disorders, prevented their effective treatment. This problem was largely resolved by wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE), which has since become the first line investigation for suspected SB disorders. Several types of WCE pills are now used in clinical practice, despite their limitations and complications. WCE pills are large, rigid and immotile capsules. When swallowed, they provide SB enteroscopy downloaded to a data logger carried by the patient. Most of the complications of WCEs result from lack of intrinsic locomotion: incomplete examination, capsule retention and impaction within strictures. In addition, the rigid nature and size of current generation of WCE pills is accompanied by 0.1% inability to swallow the pill by patients with normal esophageal motility. METHODS The aim of this communication is to describe the initial prototype, P1, which is thinner and slightly longer than the current generation of WCEs. In addition, it exhibits intrinsic active locomotion, produced by vibrating silicon legs. These generate a controlled-skid locomotion on the small bowel mucosal surface, rendered slippery by surface mucus and intraluminal surfactant bile salts. We demonstrate the mechanism responsible for the active locomotion of P1, which we consider translatable into a working prototype, suitable for further R&D for eventual clinical translation. RESULTS The shape and attachment of the rubber vibrating legs to vibrating actuators, have been designed specifically to produce a tight clockwise circular motion. When inserted inside a circular tube in vitro of equivalent diameter to human small intestine, the intrinsic circular clockwise motion of P1 translates into a linear locomotion by the constraints imposed by the surrounding circular walls of SB and rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This design ensures device stability during transit, essential for imaging and targeting lesions encountered during the enteroscopy. We preformed two experiments: (i) transit of P1 through a phantom consisting of a segment of PVC tube placed on a horizontal surface and (ii) transit through a transparent slippery nylon sleeve insufflated with air. In the PVC tube, its transit rate averages 15.6 mm/s, which is too fast for endoscopy: whereas inside the very slippery nylon sleeve insufflated with air, the average transit rate of P1 is reduced to 5.9 mm/s, i.e., ideal for inspection endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS These in-vitro experiments indicate that the P1 hybrid soft robot prototype has the potential specifically for clinical translation for SB enteroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Khan
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD21FD, UK.
| | | | - Craig Mowat
- School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD21FD, UK
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Chen W, Sui J, Wang C. Magnetically Actuated Capsule Robots: A Review. IEEE ACCESS 2022; 10:88398-88420. [DOI: 10.1109/access.2022.3197632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Surgical Instruments and Manufacturing Technology, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbo Sui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Surgical Instruments and Manufacturing Technology, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengyong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Surgical Instruments and Manufacturing Technology, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Boyvat M, Sitti M. Remote Modular Electronics for Wireless Magnetic Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101198. [PMID: 34245126 PMCID: PMC8425854 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale wireless magnetic robots and devices offer an effective solution to operations in hard-to-reach and high-risk enclosed places, such as inside the human body, nuclear plants, and vehicle infrastructure. In order to obtain functionalities beyond the capability of magnetic forces and torques exerted on magnetic materials used in these robotic devices, electronics need to be also integrated into them. However, their capabilities and power sources are still very limited compared to their larger-scale counterparts due to their much smaller sizes. Here, groups of milli/centimeter-scale wireless magnetic modules are shown to enable on-site electronic circuit construction and operation of highly demanding wireless electrical devices with no batteries, that is, with wireless power. Moreover, the mobility of the modular components brings remote modification and reconfiguration capabilities. When these small-scale robotic modules are remotely assembled into specific geometries, they can achieve, if not impossible, challenging electrical tasks for individual modules. Using such a method, several wireless and battery-free robotic devices are demonstrated using milli/centimeter-scale robotic modules, such as a wireless circuit to power light-emitting diodes with lower external fields, a device to actuate relatively high force-output shape memory alloy actuators, and a wireless force sensor, all of which can be modified on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Boyvat
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart70569Germany
- School of Medicine and College of EngineeringKoç UniversityIstanbul34450Turkey
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
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Lai J, Wang J, Zhao K, Jiang H, Chen L, Wu Z, Liu J. Design of a Dual-Polarized Omnidirectional Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Capsule Endoscopy System. IEEE ACCESS 2021; 9:14779-14786. [DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3052601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
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Khan SR, Pavuluri SK, Cummins G, Desmulliez MPY. Wireless Power Transfer Techniques for Implantable Medical Devices: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3487. [PMID: 32575663 PMCID: PMC7349694 DOI: 10.3390/s20123487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) systems have become increasingly suitable solutions for the electrical powering of advanced multifunctional micro-electronic devices such as those found in current biomedical implants. The design and implementation of high power transfer efficiency WPT systems are, however, challenging. The size of the WPT system, the separation distance between the outside environment and location of the implanted medical device inside the body, the operating frequency and tissue safety due to power dissipation are key parameters to consider in the design of WPT systems. This article provides a systematic review of the wide range of WPT systems that have been investigated over the last two decades to improve overall system performance. The various strategies implemented to transfer wireless power in implantable medical devices (IMDs) were reviewed, which includes capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and, more recently, acoustic and optical powering methods. The strengths and limitations of all these techniques are benchmarked against each other and particular emphasis is placed on comparing the implanted receiver size, the WPT distance, power transfer efficiency and tissue safety presented by the resulting systems. Necessary improvements and trends of each WPT techniques are also indicated per specific IMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeque Reza Khan
- Institute of Sensors, Signals, and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (S.K.P.); (M.P.Y.D.)
| | - Sumanth Kumar Pavuluri
- Institute of Sensors, Signals, and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (S.K.P.); (M.P.Y.D.)
| | - Gerard Cummins
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Marc P. Y. Desmulliez
- Institute of Sensors, Signals, and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (S.K.P.); (M.P.Y.D.)
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Abstract
With ever-increasing concerns on health and environmental safety, there is a fast-growing interest in new technologies for medical devices and applications. Particularly, wireless power transfer (WPT) technology provides reliable and convenient power charging for implant medical devices without additional surgery. For those WPT medical systems, the width of the human body restricts the charging distance, while the specific absorption rate (SAR) standard limits the intensity of the electromagnetic field. In order to develop a high-efficient charging strategy for medical implants, the key factors of transmission distance, coil structure, resonant frequency, etc. are paid special attention. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of near-field WPT technologies in medical devices is presented and discussed. Also, future development is discussed for the prediction of different devices when embedded in various locations of the human body. Moreover, the key issues including power transfer efficiency and output power are addressed and analyzed. All concerning characteristics of WPT links for medical usage are elaborated and discussed. Thus, this review provides an in-depth investigation and the whole map for WPT technologies applied in medical applications.
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Kühne M, Andrä W, Werner C, Bellemann ME. Wireless power transmission in endoscopy capsules. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2019; 64:677-682. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The operating life of endoscopy capsules is limited by the batteries needed for use. The capacity of corresponding batteries, however, is too short to cover the total period of gastrointestinal transit. To overcome this limitation, a novel kind of wireless power transmission was used. It utilizes a permanent magnetic cylinder located outside the patient’s body and is turned by an electric motor, thereby generating a rotating magnetic field. This field in turn causes the motor, by a permanent magnetic sphere, located in a liquid bearing inside the endoscopy capsule, to rotate synchronously. The sphere induces an alternating voltage in coils inside the capsule and thus provides the necessary power. This arrangement was able to transmit power of up to 170 mW. This value is clearly higher than the minimum power of 100 mW needed to operate the electronics of the endoscopy capsules that are actually in use. The volume of both the sphere and the induction coil is smaller than the batteries that are actually integrated in the capsules. By this means, the operating time may be prolonged, in principle up to arbitrary values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringDivision of Engineering and Applied ScienceCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringDivision of Engineering and Applied ScienceCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringDivision of Engineering and Applied ScienceCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical EngineeringDivision of Engineering and Applied ScienceCalifornia Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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Miarnaeimi M, Ghalibafan J, Hashemi SM. A modified magnetic resonance wireless power transfer system for capsule endoscopy. Electromagn Biol Med 2019; 38:158-167. [PMID: 30873888 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2019.1591440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study presents a fully planar wireless power transfer (WPT) scheme with the aim of providing enough power for capsule endoscopy performance. The method's implementation on patients is more convenient than that of the previous conventional WPT plans in which a cylindrical wire coil is placed around the patient's body. In addition to this, while using the present printed power receiver structure, the capsule's internal space of opens up for other components such as the image sensors and data transmitting components. To improve the efficiency, a two-layer printed coil has been used as the transmitter, a two-layer printed coil as the receiver and a power coil on the transmitter side excited at 13.56 MHz. RESULTS Applying this method, the efficiency has increased to more than 2% for the proposed structure. Moreover, the effect of the body tissue on power efficiency has been simulated and measured and the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) value considered for the desired system. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate that the proposed system meets the medical standards requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Miarnaeimi
- a Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Robotic , Shahrood University of Technology , Shahrood , Iran
| | - Javad Ghalibafan
- a Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Robotic , Shahrood University of Technology , Shahrood , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hashemi
- b Department of Electrical Engineering , Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University , Tehran , Iran
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Trigui A, Hached S, Ammari AC, Savaria Y, Sawan M. Maximizing Data Transmission Rate for Implantable Devices Over a Single Inductive Link: Methodological Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 12:72-87. [PMID: 30295628 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2018.2873817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to the constantly growing geriatric population and the projected increase of the prevalence of chronic diseases that are refractory to drugs, implantable medical devices (IMDs) such as neurostimulators, endoscopic capsules, artificial retinal prostheses, and brain-machine interfaces are being developed. According to many business forecast firms, the IMD market is expected to grow and they are subject to much research aiming to overcome the numerous challenges of their development. One of these challenges consists of designing a wireless power and data transmission system that has high power efficiency, high data rates, low power consumption, and high robustness against noise. This is in addition to minimal design and implementation complexity. This manuscript concerns a comprehensive survey of the latest techniques used to power up and communicate between an external base station and an IMD. Patient safety considerations related to biological, physical, electromagnetic, and electromagnetic interference concerns for wireless IMDs are also explored. The simultaneous powering and data communication techniques using a single inductive link for both power transfer and bidirectional data communication, including the various data modulation/demodulation techniques, are also reviewed. This review will hopefully contribute to the persistent efforts to implement compact reliable IMDs while lowering their cost and upsurging their benefits.
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Alam MW, Hasan MM, Mohammed SK, Deeba F, Wahid KA. Are Current Advances of Compression Algorithms for Capsule Endoscopy Enough? A Technical Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 10:26-43. [PMID: 28961125 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2757013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent technological advances in capsule endoscopy system have revolutionized the healthcare system by introducing new techniques and functionalities to diagnose gastrointestinal tract. These techniques improve diagnostic accuracy and reduce the risk of hospitalization. Although many benefits of capsule endoscopy are known, there are still limitations including lower battery life, higher bandwidth, poor image quality and lower frame rate, which have restricted its wide use. In order to solve these limitations, the importance of a low-cost compression algorithm, that produces higher frame rate with better image quality and yet consumes lower bandwidth and transmission power, is paramount. While several review papers have been published describing the capability of capsule endoscope in terms of its functionality and emerging features, an extensive review on the compression algorithms from past and for future applications is still of great interest. Hence, in this review, we aim to address the issue by exploring the characteristics of endoscopic images, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of useful compression techniques, and making suggestions for possible future adaptation.
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Khorsandi MA, Karimi N, Samavi S, Hajabdollahi M, Soroushmehr SMR, Ward K, Najarian K. Hardware image assessment for wireless endoscopy capsules. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2016:2050-2053. [PMID: 28268733 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7591130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wireless capsule endoscopy is a new technology in the realm of telemedicine that has many advantages over the traditional endoscopy systems. Transmitted images should help diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Two important technical challenges for the manufacturers of these capsules are power consumption and size of the circuitry. Also, the system must be fast enough for real-time processing of image or video data. To solve this problem, many hardware designs have been proposed for implementation of the image processing unit. In this paper we propose an architecture that could be used for the assessment of endoscopy images. The assessment allows avoidance of transmission of medically useless images. Hence, volume of data is reduced for more efficient transmission of images by the endoscopy capsule. This is done by color space conversion and moment calculation of images captured by the capsule. The inputs of the proposed architecture are RGB image frames and the outputs are images with converted colors and calculated image moments. Experimental results indicate that the proposed architecture has low complexity and is appropriate for a real-time application.
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Boyvat M, Koh JS, Wood RJ. Addressable wireless actuation for multijoint folding robots and devices. Sci Robot 2017; 2:2/8/eaan1544. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aan1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Mapara SS, Patravale VB. Medical capsule robots: A renaissance for diagnostics, drug delivery and surgical treatment. J Control Release 2017; 261:337-351. [PMID: 28694029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The advancements in electronics and the progress in nanotechnology have resulted in path breaking development that will transform the way diagnosis and treatment are carried out currently. This development is Medical Capsule Robots, which has emerged from the science fiction idea of robots travelling inside the body to diagnose and cure disorders. The first marketed capsule robot was a capsule endoscope developed to capture images of the gastrointestinal tract. Today, varieties of capsule endoscopes are available in the market. They are slightly larger than regular oral capsules, made up of a biocompatible case and have electronic circuitry and mechanisms to capture and transmit images. In addition, robots with diagnostic features such as in vivo body temperature detection and pH monitoring have also been launched in the market. However, a multi-functional unit that will diagnose and cure diseases inside the body has not yet been realized. A remote controlled capsule that will undertake drug delivery and surgical treatment has not been successfully launched in the market. High cost, inadequate power supply, lack of control over drug release, limited space for drug storage on the capsule, inadequate safety and no mechanisms for active locomotion and anchoring have prevented their entry in the market. The capsule robots can revolutionize the current way of diagnosis and treatment. This paper discusses in detail the applications of medical capsule robots in diagnostics, drug delivery and surgical treatment. In diagnostics, detailed analysis has been presented on wireless capsule endoscopes, issues associated with the marketed versions and their corresponding solutions in literature. Moreover, an assessment has been made of the existing state of remote controlled capsules for targeted drug delivery and surgical treatment and their future impact is predicted. Besides the need for multi-functional capsule robots and the areas for further research have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyat S Mapara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga East, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Vandana B Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga East, Mumbai 400019, India.
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20
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Gong FX, Wei Z, Chi H, Yin B, Sun Y, Cong Y, Sun M. Position and Angular Misalignment Analysis for Implantable Wireless Power Transfer System Based on Magnetic Resonance. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-017-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Ullah F, Abdullah AH, Kaiwartya O, Cao Y. TraPy-MAC: Traffic Priority Aware Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Body Area Network. J Med Syst 2017; 41:93. [PMID: 28466452 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-017-0739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has witnessed significant attentions in research and product development due to the growing number of sensor-based applications in healthcare domain. Design of efficient and effective Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is one of the fundamental research themes in WBAN. Static on-demand slot allocation to patient data is the main approach adopted in the design of MAC protocol in literature, without considering the type of patient data specifically the level of severity on patient data. This leads to the degradation of the performance of MAC protocols considering effectiveness and traffic adjustability in realistic medical environments. In this context, this paper proposes a Traffic Priority-Aware MAC (TraPy-MAC) protocol for WBAN. It classifies patient data into emergency and non-emergency categories based on the severity of patient data. The threshold value aided classification considers a number of parameters including type of sensor, body placement location, and data transmission time for allocating dedicated slots patient data. Emergency data are not required to carry out contention and slots are allocated by giving the due importance to threshold value of vital sign data. The contention for slots is made efficient in case of non-emergency data considering threshold value in slot allocation. Moreover, the slot allocation to emergency and non-emergency data are performed parallel resulting in performance gain in channel assignment. Two algorithms namely, Detection of Severity on Vital Sign data (DSVS), and ETS Slots allocation based on the Severity on Vital Sign (ETS-SVS) are developed for calculating threshold value and resolving the conflicts of channel assignment, respectively. Simulations are performed in ns2 and results are compared with the state-of-the-art MAC techniques. Analysis of results attests the benefit of TraPy-MAC in comparison with the state-of-the-art MAC in channel assignment in realistic medical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasee Ullah
- Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Hanan Abdullah
- Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Omprakash Kaiwartya
- Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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22
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Basar MR, Ahmad MY, Cho J, Ibrahim F. Performance evaluation of power transmission coils for powering endoscopic wireless capsules. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:2263-6. [PMID: 26736743 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7318843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of H-field generated by a simple solenoid, pair of solenoids, pair of double-layer solenoids, segmented-solenoid, and Helmholtz power transmission coils (PTCs) to power an endoscopic wireless capsule (WC). The H-fields were computed using finite element analysis based on partial differential equations. Three parameters were considered in the analysis: i) the maximum level of H-field (Hmax) to which the patient's body would be exposed, ii) the minimum level of H-field (Hmin) effective for power transmission, and iii) uniformity of H-field. We validated our analysis by comparing the computed data with data measured from a fabricated Helmholtz PTC. This analysis disclosed that at the same excitation power, all the PTCs are able to transfer same amount of minimum usable power since they generated almost equal value of Hmin. The level of electromagnetic exposure and power transfer stability across all the PTCs would vary significantly which is mainly due to the different level of Hmax and H-field uniformity. The segmented solenoid PTC would cause the lowest exposure and this PTC can transfer the maximum amount of power. The Helmholtz PTC would be able to transfer the most stable power with a moderate level of exposure.
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23
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Analysis and Performance Improvement of WPT Systems in the Environment of Single Non-Ferromagnetic Metal Plates. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9080576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gao J, Yan G, Wang Z, Xu F, Wang W, Jiang P, Liu D. Locomotion enhancement of an inchworm-like capsule robot using long contact devices. Int J Med Robot 2016; 13. [PMID: 27416878 DOI: 10.1002/rcs.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inchworm-like capsule robot (CR), which consists of two anchoring mechanisms (AMs) and an extensor, is a promising device for exploring the human intestine. However, the slippery intestinal lumen can cause anchoring slippage and the visco-elastic intestine and mesentery can cause stroke loss, which both lower its locomotion performance. METHODS This paper proposes a method for locomotion enhancement by optimizing the lengths of the contact devices that are installed at the tips of the AM. RESULTS Theoretical analysis showed that a longer contact device was more beneficial to avoid slippage and reduce stroke loss, hence enhancing locomotion, which was then verified by ex vivo experiments. The 34.5 mm long contact devices enabled a locomotion efficiency of 54%, while it was only 21% when employing 5 mm long contact devices. CONCLUSIONS The inchworm-like CR using long contact devices can enable a more efficient inspection of the intestine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Gao
- Department of Instrument Science, Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guozheng Yan
- Department of Instrument Science, Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- Department of Instrument Science, Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Instrument Science, Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Instrument Science, Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Department of Instrument Science, Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dasheng Liu
- Department of Instrument Science, Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Yeung BPM, Chiu PWY. Application of robotics in gastrointestinal endoscopy: A review. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1811-1825. [PMID: 26855540 PMCID: PMC4724612 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i5.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple robotic flexible endoscope platforms have been developed based on cross specialty collaboration between engineers and medical doctors. However, significant number of these platforms have been developed for the natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery paradigm. Increasing amount of evidence suggest the focus of development should be placed on advanced endolumenal procedures such as endoscopic submucosal dissection instead. A thorough literature analysis was performed to assess the current status of robotic flexible endoscopic platforms designed for advanced endolumenal procedures. Current efforts are mainly focused on robotic locomotion and robotic instrument control. In the future, advances in actuation and servoing technology, optical analysis, augmented reality and wireless power transmission technology will no doubt further advance the field of robotic endoscopy. Globally, health systems have become increasingly budget conscious; widespread acceptance of robotic endoscopy will depend on careful design to ensure its delivery of a cost effective service.
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26
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Singeap AM, Stanciu C, Trifan A. Capsule endoscopy: The road ahead. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:369-378. [PMID: 26755883 PMCID: PMC4698499 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction into clinical practice 15 years ago, capsule endoscopy (CE) has become the first-line investigation procedure in some small bowel pathologies, and more recently, dedicated esophageal and colon CE have expanded the fields of application to include the upper and lower gastrointestinal disorders. During this time, CE has become increasingly popular among gastroenterologists, with more than 2 million capsule examinations performed worldwide, and nearly 3000 PubMed-listed studies on its different aspects published. This huge interest in CE may be explained by its non-invasive nature, patient comfort, safety, and access to anatomical regions unattainable via conventional endoscopy. However, CE has several limitations which impede its wider clinical applications, including the lack of therapeutic capabilities, inability to obtain biopsies and control its locomotion. Several research groups are currently working to overcome these limitations, while novel devices able to control capsule movement, obtain high quality images, insufflate the gut lumen, perform chromoendoscopy, biopsy of suspect lesions, or even deliver targeted drugs directly to specific sites are under development. Overlooking current limitations, especially as some of them have already been successfully surmounted, and based on the tremendous progress in technology, it is expected that, by the end of next 15 years, CE able to perform both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures will remain the major form of digestive endoscopy. This review summarizes the literature that prognosticates about the future developments of CE.
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27
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Co-Design Method and Wafer-Level Packaging Technique of Thin-Film Flexible Antenna and Silicon CMOS Rectifier Chips for Wireless-Powered Neural Interface Systems. SENSORS 2015; 15:31821-32. [PMID: 26694407 PMCID: PMC4721804 DOI: 10.3390/s151229885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a co-design method and a wafer-level packaging technique of a flexible antenna and a CMOS rectifier chip for use in a small-sized implantable system on the brain surface are proposed. The proposed co-design method optimizes the system architecture, and can help avoid the use of external matching components, resulting in the realization of a small-size system. In addition, the technique employed to assemble a silicon large-scale integration (LSI) chip on the very thin parylene film (5 μm) enables the integration of the rectifier circuits and the flexible antenna (rectenna). In the demonstration of wireless power transmission (WPT), the fabricated flexible rectenna achieved a maximum efficiency of 0.497% with a distance of 3 cm between antennas. In addition, WPT with radio waves allows a misalignment of 185% against antenna size, implying that the misalignment has a less effect on the WPT characteristics compared with electromagnetic induction.
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28
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Wireless Power Transfer for Autonomous Wearable Neurotransmitter Sensors. SENSORS 2015; 15:24553-72. [PMID: 26404311 PMCID: PMC4610596 DOI: 10.3390/s150924553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a power management system for autonomous and real-time monitoring of the neurotransmitter L-glutamate (L-Glu). A low-power, low-noise, and high-gain recording module was designed to acquire signal from an implantable flexible L-Glu sensor fabricated by micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based processes. The wearable recording module was wirelessly powered through inductive coupling transmitter antennas. Lateral and angular misalignments of the receiver antennas were resolved by using a multi-transmitter antenna configuration. The effective coverage, over which the recording module functioned properly, was improved with the use of in-phase transmitter antennas. Experimental results showed that the recording system was capable of operating continuously at distances of 4 cm, 7 cm and 10 cm. The wireless power management system reduced the weight of the recording module, eliminated human intervention and enabled animal experimentation for extended durations.
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29
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Inductive-Based Wireless Power Recharging System for an Innovative Endoscopic Capsule. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en80910315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Scott R, Enns R. Advances in Capsule Endoscopy. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2015; 11:612-617. [PMID: 27482183 PMCID: PMC4965621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wireless video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a minimally invasive technology that has revolutionized the approach to small intestinal disease investigation and management. Designed primarily to provide diagnostic imaging of the small intestine, VCE is used predominantly for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and suspected Crohn's disease; however, numerous other indications have been established, including the assessment of celiac disease, investigation of small bowel tumors, and surveillance of hereditary polyposis syndromes. Since the introduction of small bowel VCE in 2000, more than 1600 articles have been published describing the evolution of this technology. The main adverse outcome is capsule retention, which can potentially be avoided by careful patient selection or by using a patency capsule. Despite the numerous advances in the past 15 years, limitations such as incomplete VCE studies, missed lesions, and time-consuming reporting remain. The inability to control capsule movement for the application of targeted therapy or the acquisition of tissue for histologic analysis remains among the greatest challenges in the further development of capsule technology. This article outlines the recent technological and clinical advances in VCE and the future directions of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Scott
- Dr Scott is a therapeutic endoscopy fellow and Dr Enns is a clinical professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology at St Paul's Hospital and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert Enns
- Dr Scott is a therapeutic endoscopy fellow and Dr Enns is a clinical professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology at St Paul's Hospital and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada
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31
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Koulaouzidis A, Iakovidis DK, Karargyris A, Rondonotti E. Wireless endoscopy in 2020: Will it still be a capsule? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5119-5130. [PMID: 25954085 PMCID: PMC4419052 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the major problem of all existing commercial capsule devices is the lack of control of movement. In the future, with an interface application, the clinician will be able to stop and direct the device into points of interest for detailed inspection/diagnosis, and therapy delivery. This editorial presents current commercially-available new designs, European projects and delivery capsule and gives an overview of the progress required and progress that will be achieved -according to the opinion of the authors- in the next 5 year leading to 2020.
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