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Lemos VR, Aires R, Côco LZ, Domingues RB, Meyrelles SS, Vasquez EC, Pereira TMC, Campagnaro BP. Benefits of multi-day supplementation with probiotic kefir in Rasmussen encephalitis: the first case report. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2390-2397. [PMID: 34459722 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1970299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare inflammatory disease, characterized by unilateral hemispheric atrophy, focal intractable seizures, progressive hemiparesis, and neurological deficits. CASE REPORT The patient is a young man under pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, exhibiting classical abnormal movements, which are consider typical hallmarks of RE. During clinical care sessions, he presented many episodes of tonic-clonic seizures involving sudden loss of consciousness followed by a post-ictal phase with weakness and interaction difficulty. During the kefir supplementation, the patient presented only short-term absence seizures, quickly returning to activities. Additionally, he presented cognitive and language improvement, being more responsive to commands. The daily diary control of patient's mother and caregiver at school reported an impressive reduction in number and severity of seizures, becoming less aggressive and more involved in school activities. The serum biochemical markers showed that kefir administration caused a significant decrease of pro-inflammatory and a simultaneous increase of anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. In parallel, after treatment, this probiotic reduced reactive oxygen species levels, increased NO bioavailability, revealing antiapoptotic and antigenotoxic effects. Regarding the microbiological analysis, kefir increased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting remarkable beneficial effects of the probiotic kefir in RE. This case report strongly suggests kefir supplementation as a potential and safe-effective adjuvant therapeutic strategy in the control and treatment of RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria R Lemos
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Aires
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Z Côco
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvana S Meyrelles
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Physiological Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Elisardo C Vasquez
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M C Pereira
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Bianca P Campagnaro
- Laboratory of Translational Physiology and Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Vila Velha University, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Greenhalgh K, Meyer KM, Aagaard KM, Wilmes P. The human gut microbiome in health: establishment and resilience of microbiota over a lifetime. Environ Microbiol 2017; 18:2103-16. [PMID: 27059297 PMCID: PMC7387106 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With technological advances in culture-independent molecular methods, we are uncovering a new facet of our natural history by accounting for the vast diversity of microbial life which colonizes the human body. The human microbiome contributes functional genes and metabolites which affect human physiology and are, therefore, considered an important factor for maintaining health. Much has been described in the past decade based primarily on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing regarding the diversity, structure, stability and dynamics of human microbiota in their various body habitats, most notably within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Relatively high levels of variation have been described across different stages of life and geographical locations for the GIT microbiome. These observations may prove helpful for the future contextualization of patterns in other body habitats especially in relation to identifying generalizable trends over human lifetime. Given the large degree of complexity and variability, a key challenge will be how to define baseline healthy microbiomes and how to identify features which reflect deviations therefrom in the future. In this context, metagenomics and functional omics will likely play a central role as they will allow resolution of microbiome-conferred functionalities associated with health. Such information will be vital for formulating therapeutic interventions aimed at managing microbiota-mediated health particularly in the GIT over the course of a human lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacy Greenhalgh
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kristen M Meyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kjersti M Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Suzuki Y, Ikeda K, Sakuma K, Kawai S, Sawaki K, Asahara T, Takahashi T, Tsuji H, Nomoto K, Nagpal R, Wang C, Nagata S, Yamashiro Y. Association between Yogurt Consumption and Intestinal Microbiota in Healthy Young Adults Differs by Host Gender. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:847. [PMID: 28553274 PMCID: PMC5425481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal microbiota are influenced by various factors viz. diet, environment, age, gender, geographical, and socioeconomic situation, etc. among which diet has the most profound impact. However, studies investigating this impact have mostly included subjects from diverse geographic/socioeconomic backgrounds and hence the precise effects of dietary factors on gut microbiota composition remain largely confounded. Herein, with an aim to evaluate the association between dietary habits, specifically yogurt consumption, and the gut microbiota in healthy young adults sharing similar age, lifestyle routine, geographical setting, etc., we conducted a cross-sectional study wherein 293 collegiate freshmen answered a questionnaire about their frequency of yogurt consumption over the last 2 months and provided stool specimens for microbiota analysis. Fecal microbiota were analyzed by highly sensitive reverse-transcription-quantitative-PCR assays targeting bacterial 16S rRNA molecules. Fecal organic acids were measured by HPLC. Overall, the gut microbiota were predominated (97.1 ± 8.6%) by Clostridium coccoides group, Clostridium leptum subgroup, Bacteroides fragilis group, Bifidobacterium and Atopobium cluster. Interestingly, after adjusting the data for yogurt consumption, females were found to have higher total bacterial (P = 0.013) and Bifidobacterium (P = 0.046) count and fecal pH (P = 0.007) and lower fecal concentration of total organic acids (P = 0.030), succinic acid (P = 0.007) and formic acid (P = 0.046) as compared to males. Altogether, yogurt consumption showed positive linear association with Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus gasseri subgroup in both male and female subjects; however, several gender-specific disparities were also detected in this yogurt-microbiota association. Yogurt consumption demonstrated a negative association with L. sakei subgroup, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus in males but shared a positive association with L. casei subgroup and succinic acid in female subjects. The study manifests the association between yogurt consumption and gut microbiota in a healthy homogeneous cohort and show how this association can differ by host gender. The findings should be helpful for prospective studies investigating the diet–microbiome interaction in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Suzuki
- Juntendo University School of Health and Sports ScienceChiba, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ikeda
- Juntendo University School of Health and Sports ScienceChiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakuma
- Juntendo University School of Health and Sports ScienceChiba, Japan
| | - Sachio Kawai
- Juntendo University School of Health and Sports ScienceChiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sawaki
- Juntendo University School of Health and Sports ScienceChiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Asahara
- Yakult Central InstituteTokyo, Japan.,Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Takahashi
- Yakult Central InstituteTokyo, Japan.,Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsuji
- Yakult Central InstituteTokyo, Japan.,Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Nomoto
- Yakult Central InstituteTokyo, Japan.,Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Chongxin Wang
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagata
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamashiro
- Probiotics Research Laboratory, Juntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
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Hemalatha R, Ouwehand AC, Saarinen MT, Prasad UV, Swetha K, Bhaskar V. Effect of probiotic supplementation on total lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and short chain fatty acids in 2-5-year-old children. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2017; 28:1298340. [PMID: 28572751 PMCID: PMC5443088 DOI: 10.1080/16512235.2017.1298340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: Consumption of Lactobacillus paracasei Lpc-37 or Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 by 2-5-year-old children was found to reduce risk for diarrhoea and fever during the rainy season. Objective: Can changes in faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) or branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) explain the observed positive influence of probiotics and their role on nutritional status and diarrhoea risk? Design: Faecal samples were analysed for SCFAs and BCFAs and correlated to Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus levels; both at the start and after nine months' consumption of either of the two probiotic strains, or placebo. Results: No differences in SCFAs, BCFAs, Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium levels were found between boys and girls. Severely underweight children were observed to have the highest Lactobacillus levels. Probiotic intervention was found to be associated with higher levels of selected SCFAs and BCFAs in subjects who had experienced diarrhoea. Treatment with either of the probiotics led to changes in SCFAs and BCFAs. SCFAs, acetate, propionate and butyrate, were found to correlate with each other. Likewise, BCFAs isobutyrate, 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate correlated with each other. After the intervention, L. paracasei Lpc-37 correlated positively with total Bifidobacterium counts and isovalerate levels. B. lactis HN019 counts were found to correlate positively with total bacterial counts and negatively with propionate levels. Conclusions: Nutritional status was associated with higher levels of faecal lactobacilli; the meaning of this requires further investigation. The intervention with the two probiotics was observed to influence the levels of faecal SCFAs and BCFAs and there is a differential response in those who developed diarrhoea and those who did not. It is, however, not clear to what extent this is a mechanism that explains the earlier observed effect the strains had on diarrhoea risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hemalatha
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - A. C. Ouwehand
- Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition and Health, Kantvik, Finland
| | - M. T. Saarinen
- Active Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition and Health, Kantvik, Finland
| | - U. V. Prasad
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - K. Swetha
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - V. Bhaskar
- Microbiology and Immunology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Praveen V, Praveen S. Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: A Pathway for Improving Brainstem Serotonin Homeostasis and Successful Autoresuscitation in SIDS-A Novel Hypothesis. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:136. [PMID: 28111624 PMCID: PMC5216028 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) continues to be a major public health issue. Following its major decline since the "Back to Sleep" campaign, the incidence of SIDS has plateaued, with an annual incidence of about 1,500 SIDS-related deaths in the United States and thousands more throughout the world. The etiology of SIDS, the major cause of postneonatal mortality in the western world, is still poorly understood. Although sleeping in prone position is a major risk factor, SIDS continues to occur even in the supine sleeping position. The triple-risk model of Filiano and Kinney emphasizes the interaction between a susceptible infant during a critical developmental period and stressor/s in the pathogenesis of SIDS. Recent evidence ranges from dysregulated autonomic control to findings of altered neurochemistry, especially the serotonergic system that plays an important role in brainstem cardiorespiratory/thermoregulatory centers. Brainstem serotonin (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH-2) levels have been shown to be lower in SIDS, supporting the evidence that defects in the medullary serotonergic system play a significant role in SIDS. Pathogenic bacteria and their enterotoxins have been associated with SIDS, although no direct evidence has been established. We present a new hypothesis that the infant's gut microbiome, and/or its metabolites, by its direct effects on the gut enterochromaffin cells, stimulates the afferent gut vagal endings by releasing serotonin (paracrine effect), optimizing autoresuscitation by modulating brainstem 5-HT levels through the microbiome-gut-brain axis, thus playing a significant role in SIDS during the critical period of gut flora development and vulnerability to SIDS. The shared similarities between various risk factors for SIDS and their relationship with the infant gut microbiome support our hypothesis. Comprehensive gut-microbiome studies are required to test our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shama Praveen
- Providence Little Company of Mary Medical Center , Torrance, CA , USA
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Mello CS, Tahan S, Melli LCFL, Rodrigues MSDC, Mello RMPD, Scaletsky ICA, Morais MBD. Methane production and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children living in a slum. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5932-9. [PMID: 23139610 PMCID: PMC3491601 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i41.5932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in school-aged children and the relationship between hydrogen and methane production in breath tests. METHODS This transversal study included 85 children residing in a slum and 43 children from a private school, all aged between 6 and 10 years, in Osasco, Brazil. For characterization of the groups, data regarding the socioeconomic status and basic housing sanitary conditions were collected. Anthropometric data was obtained in children from both groups. All children completed the hydrogen (H(2)) and methane (CH(4)) breath test in order to assess small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). SIBO was diagnosed when there was an increase in H(2) ≥ 20 ppm or CH(4) ≥ 10 ppm with regard to the fasting value until 60 min after lactulose ingestion. RESULTS Children from the slum group had worse living conditions and lower nutritional indices than children from the private school. SIBO was found in 30.9% (26/84) of the children from the slum group and in 2.4% (1/41) from the private school group (P = 0.0007). Greater hydrogen production in the small intestine was observed in children from the slum group when compared to children from the private school (P = 0.007). A higher concentration of hydrogen in the small intestine (P < 0.001) and in the colon (P < 0.001) was observed among the children from the slum group with SIBO when compared to children from the slum group without SIBO. Methane production was observed in 63.1% (53/84) of the children from the slum group and in 19.5% (8/41) of the children from the private school group (P < 0.0001). Methane production was observed in 38/58 (65.5%) of the children without SIBO and in 15/26 (57.7%) of the children with SIBO from the slum. Colonic production of hydrogen was lower in methane-producing children (P = 0.017). CONCLUSION Children who live in inadequate environmental conditions are at risk of bacterial overgrowth and methane production. Hydrogen is a substrate for methane production in the colon.
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Brandt K, Taddei CR, Takagi EH, Oliveira FF, Duarte RTD, Irino I, Martinez MB, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Establishment of the bacterial fecal community during the first month of life in Brazilian newborns. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:113-23. [PMID: 22358235 PMCID: PMC3275115 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(02)05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The establishment of the intestinal microbiota in newborns is a critical period with possible long-term consequences for human health. In this research, the development of the fecal microbiota of a group of exclusively breastfed neonates living in low socio-economic conditions in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, during the first month of life, was studied. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from ten neonates on the second, seventh, and 30(th) days after birth. One of the neonates underwent antibiotic therapy. Molecular techniques were used for analysis; DNA was extracted from the samples, and 16S rRNA libraries were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed after construction. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on the samples taken from the 30(th) day to amplify DNA from Bifidobacterium sp. RESULTS The primary phylogenetic groups identified in the samples were Escherichia and Clostridium. Staphylococcus was identified at a low rate. Bifidobacterium sp. was detected in all of the samples collected on the 30(th) day. In the child who received antibiotics, a reduction in anaerobes and Escherichia, which was associated with an overgrowth of Klebsiella, was observed throughout the experimental period. CONCLUSION The observed pattern of Escherichia predominance and reduced Staphylococcus colonization is in contrast with the patterns observed in neonates living in developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Brandt
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas, Children's Hospital, Brazil
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