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Bastaki SMA, Ojha S, Kalasz H, Adeghate E. Chemical constituents and medicinal properties of Allium species. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4301-4321. [PMID: 34420186 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allium species, belonging to Alliaceae family, are among the oldest cultivated vegetables used as food. Garlic, onions, leeks and chives, which belong to this family, have been reported to have medicinal properties. The Allium species constituents have been shown to have antibacterial and antioxidant activities, and, in addition, other biological properties. These activities are related to their rich organosulfur compounds. These organosulfur compounds are believed to prevent the development of cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, diabetes, liver diseases as well as allergy and arthritis. There have also been reports on toxicities of these compounds. The major active compounds of Allium species includes, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, diallyl sulfide, dipropyl disulfide, dipropyl trisulfide, 1-propenylpropyl disulfide, allyl methyl disulfide and dimethyl disulfide. The aim of this review is to focus on a variety of experimental and clinical reports on the effectiveness, toxicities and possible mechanisms of actions of the active compounds of garlic, onions, leek and chives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim M A Bastaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Huba Kalasz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, H-1445 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE
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Kaur R, Sood A, Kanotra M, Arora S, Subramaniyan V, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Aleya L, Behl T. Pertinence of nutriments for a stalwart body. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54531-54550. [PMID: 34435290 PMCID: PMC8387096 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition plays a significant role in the prevention and treatment of common diseases. Some superb dietary choices such as functional foods and nutriments can surely help fight against certain diseases and provide various advantages to an individual's health. Plants have been regarded as a primary source of highly effective conventional drugs leading to the development of potential novel agents, which may boost the treatment. Growing demand for functional foods acts as an aid for the producers to expand in agriculture and pave the way for innovation and research by the nutraceutical industry. The given review highlights how various functional foods such as tomatoes, chocolates, garlic and flaxseed are currently being defined, their sources, benefit in treating various ailments and the challenges with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Ankita Sood
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Muskan Kanotra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | | | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
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3
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Zhao H, Hu H, Chen B, Xu W, Zhao J, Huang C, Xing Y, Lv H, Nie C, Wang J, He Y, Wang SQ, Chen XB. Overview on the Role of E-Cadherin in Gastric Cancer: Dysregulation and Clinical Implications. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:689139. [PMID: 34422902 PMCID: PMC8371966 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.689139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer death all over the world. E-cadherin encoded by human CDH1 gene plays important roles in tumorigenesis as well as in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. Full-length E-cadhrin tethered on the cell membrane mainly mediates adherens junctions between cells and is involved in maintaining the normal structure of epithelial tissues. After proteolysis, the extracellular fragment of the full-length E-cadhein is released into the extracellular environment and the blood, which is called soluble E-cadherin (sE-cadherin). sE-cadherin promots invasion and metastasis as a paracrine/autocrine signaling molecule in the progression of various types of cancer including gastric cancer. This review mainly summarizes the dysregulation of E-cadherin and the regulatory roles in the progression, invasion, metastasis, and drug-resistance, as well as its clinical applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichen Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yishu Xing
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huifang Lv
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Nie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianzheng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunduan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Liu X, Baecker A, Wu M, Zhou JY, Yang J, Han RQ, Wang PH, Liu AM, Gu X, Zhang XF, Wang XS, Su M, Hu X, Sun Z, Li G, Jin ZY, Jung SY, Mu L, He N, Lu QY, Li L, Zhao JK, Zhang ZF. Raw Garlic Consumption and Risk of Liver Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Eastern China. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092038. [PMID: 31480423 PMCID: PMC6769938 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the major risk factors for liver cancer have been established, preventive factors for liver cancer have not been fully explored. We evaluated the association between raw garlic consumption and liver cancer in a large population-based case-control study in Eastern China. The study was conducted in Jiangsu, China, from 2003 to 2010. A total of 2011 incident liver cancer cases and 7933 randomly selected population-controls were interviewed. Epidemiological data including raw garlic intake and other exposures were collected, and serum markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were assayed. Overall, eating raw garlic twice or more per week was inversely associated with liver cancer, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.77 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62–0.96) compared to those ingesting no raw garlic or less than twice per week. In stratified analyses, high intake of raw garlic was inversely associated with liver cancer among Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative individuals, frequent alcohol drinkers, those having history of eating mold-contaminated food or drinking raw water, and those without family history of liver cancer. Marginal interactions on an additive scale were observed between low raw garlic intake and HBsAg positivity (attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) = 0.31, 95% CI: -0.01–0.62) and heavy alcohol drinking (AP = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.00–0.57). Raw garlic consumption is inversely associated with liver cancer. Such an association shed some light on the potential etiologic role of garlic intake on liver cancer, which in turn might provide a possible dietary intervention to reduce liver cancer in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aileen Baecker
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Ming Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jin-Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ren-Qiang Han
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pei-Hua Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ai-Min Liu
- Dafeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dafeng 224100, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Dafeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dafeng 224100, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Ganyu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganyu 222003, China
| | - Xu-Shan Wang
- Ganyu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganyu 222003, China
| | - Ming Su
- Chuzhou County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chuzhou 223001, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Chuzhou County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chuzhou 223001, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Tongshan County Center for Disease control and Prevention, Tongshan 221006, China
| | - Gang Li
- Tongshan County Center for Disease control and Prevention, Tongshan 221006, China
| | - Zi-Yi Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Su Yon Jung
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yi Lu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-Kou Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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5
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Menbari MN, Nasseri S, Menbari N, Mehdiabadi R, Alipur Y, Roshani D. The -160 (C>A) CDH1 Gene Promoter Polymorphism and Its Relationship with Survival of Patients with Gastric Cancer in
Kurdistan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1561-1565. [PMID: 28669168 PMCID: PMC6373814 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.6.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common type of neoplasm and the second cause of malignancy-related death across much of the world. Complex multi-factorial processes are involved in its genesis, classified in two determinant clusters: non-genetic and genetic. Variation in CDH1 gene expression may play an important role in increasing risk of diffuse and intestinal subtypes of GC. This tumor suppressor gene, located on chromosome 16q22.1, encodes a trans membrane glycoprotein called epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin). Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort study, from June 2004 to Journey 2005 we collected 50 samples from Kurdish patients with stage II pathologically diagnosed gastric cancer that underwent surgery. Tumor tissues were paraffin-embedded along with 54 control samples from non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) cases undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Three biopsies were captured by endoscopy from each individual’s gastric antrum. Result: The mean age of the patients was 59.5±2 years. Some 23 cases (53.4%) had the CC genotype, 19 AC and 1 AA. H.pylori infection was noted in 30 patients (69%). Survival rates of gastric cancer patients were 90.7% in the first year, 39.5% in the second year and 6.9% in the third year. Female patients had higher survival rates (P=0.004). Conclusion: In this study we found that frequencies of -160(C>A) CDH1 genotypes were not comparable in H.pylori-infected and H.pylori-uninfected subjects in both case and control groups. These findings suggest that -160 (C>A) CDH1 polymorphism is not related with H.pylori infection susceptibility. In addition we found no significant relationship between the CDH1 -160(C/A) promoter polymorphism with predisposition to gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nazir Menbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical
Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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Ahmad R, Ahmad N, Naqvi AA, Shehzad A, Al-Ghamdi MS. Role of traditional Islamic and Arabic plants in cancer therapy. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:195-204. [PMID: 28417090 PMCID: PMC5388086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ETHNO PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This review article underlines individual Traditional Islamic and Arabic plant (TAI) and their role in treating cancer. The aim of the study is to specifically evaluate the progress of herbs, Arabic and Islamic traditional herbs in particular, applied in cancer treatment, so far. MATERIALS AND METHODS Islamic and Arabic plants were selected and identified through different literature survey using "Google scholar", "Web of science", "Scopus" and "PubMed". Each plant, from identified Arabic and Islamic plants list, was search individually for the most cited articles in the aforementioned databases using the keywords, "Anticancer", "Uses in cancer treatment", "Ethno pharmacological importance in cancer" etc. RESULTS The current review about Islamic and Arabic plants illuminates the importance of Islamic and Arabic plants and their impact in treating cancer. There is a long list of Islamic and Arabic plants used in cancer as mentioned in review with enormous amount of literature. Each plant has been investigated for its anticancer potential. The literature survey as mentioned in table shows; these plants are widely utilized in cancer as a whole, a part thereof or in the form of isolated chemical constituent. CONCLUSIONS This review strongly supports the fact; Arabic and Islamic traditional plants have emerged as a good source of complementary and alternative medicine in treating cancer. Traditional Arab-Islamic herbal-based medicines might be promising for new cancer therapeutics with low toxicity and minimal side effects. The plants used are mostly in crude form and still needs advance research for the isolation of phytochemicals and establishing its cellular and molecular role in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ahmad
- Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atta Abbas Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeeb Shehzad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mastour Safer Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Lima A, Oliveira J, Saúde F, Mota J, Ferreira RB. Proteins in Soy Might Have a Higher Role in Cancer Prevention than Previously Expected: Soybean Protein Fractions Are More Effective MMP-9 Inhibitors Than Non-Protein Fractions, Even in Cooked Seeds. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030201. [PMID: 28264435 PMCID: PMC5372864 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for anticancer MMP-9 inhibitors (MMPIs) in food products has become a major goal for research. MMPIs in soy have been related only to saponins and isoflavones, but recently, low specific protein fractions in soybeans were shown to reduce MMP-9 activity as well. The present work aimed at comparing the MMPI potential of protein fractions (P) and non-protein fractions (NP) isolated from soybean seeds, before and after soaking and cooking, mimicking dietary exposures. Reverse and substrate zymography, as well as a fluoregenic DQ gelatin assay were used to evaluate MMP-9 activities. Colon cancer cell migration and proliferation was also tested in HT29 cells. Regarding MMP-9 inhibition, proteins in soy presented IC50 values 100 times lower than non-protein extracts, and remained active after cooking, suggesting that proteins may be more effective MMP-9 inhibitors than non-protein compounds. Using the determined IC50 concentrations, NP fractions were able to induce higher inhibitions of HT29 cell migration and proliferation, but not through MMP-9 inhibition, whilst protein fractions were shown to specifically inhibit MMP-9 activity. Overall, our results show that protein fractions in soybeans might have a higher role in soy-related cancer prevention as MMPIs than previously expected. Being nontoxic and active at lower concentrations, the discovery of these heat-resistant specific MMPI proteins in soy can be of significant importance for cancer preventive diets, particularly considering the increasing use of soy proteins in food products and the controversy around isoflavones amongst consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lima
- Disease & Stress Biology Group, LEAF (Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Jennifer Oliveira
- Disease & Stress Biology Group, LEAF (Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Filipe Saúde
- Disease & Stress Biology Group, LEAF (Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Joana Mota
- Disease & Stress Biology Group, LEAF (Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Boavida Ferreira
- Disease & Stress Biology Group, LEAF (Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
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8
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Jiang B, Zhu K, Shao H, Bao C, Ou J, Sun W. Lack of association between the CDH1 polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7891. [PMID: 25599647 PMCID: PMC4298742 DOI: 10.1038/srep07891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
E-Cadherin (CDH1) plays a key role in cell adhesion, which is vital to the normal development and maintenance of cells. Down regulation of CDH1, may lead to dysfunction of the cell-cell adhesion system, resulting in increased susceptibility to tumor development and subsequent tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The CDH1 C-160A polymorphism could decrease its transcription efficiency and may increase susceptibility to cancer development, but its relevance to gastric cancer is generally disputed. Consequently, we performed a meta-analysis of published case-control studies, including 4218 gastric cancer cases and 5461 controls. Overall, no significant association was observed between the CDH1 C-160A polymorphism and risk of gastric cancer in all genetic models. In the stratified analysis by total sample size, a significant association was observed in the small sample size subgroup (total sample size < 300), but the results should be interpreted with caution. In conclusion, this meta-analysis failed to confirm the association between the CDH1 C-160A polymorphism and risk of gastric cancer. Large-scale and well-designed studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Chenhui Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinlei Ou
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
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9
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Ojwang LO, Banerjee N, Noratto GD, Angel-Morales G, Hachibamba T, Awika JM, Mertens-Talcott SU. Polyphenolic extracts from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) protect colonic myofibroblasts (CCD18Co cells) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation – modulation of microRNA 126. Food Funct 2015; 6:146-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00459k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a drought tolerant crop with several agronomic advantages over other legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonnard O. Ojwang
- Cereal Quality Laboratory
- Soil & Crop Science Department
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
| | - Nivedita Banerjee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College Station
- USA
- Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research
| | - Giuliana D. Noratto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College Station
- USA
- Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research
| | - Gabriela Angel-Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College Station
- USA
- Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research
| | - Twambo Hachibamba
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Zambia
- Lusaka
- Zambia
| | - Joseph M. Awika
- Cereal Quality Laboratory
- Soil & Crop Science Department
- College Station
- USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
| | - Susanne U. Mertens-Talcott
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science
- College Station
- USA
- Institute for Obesity Research and Program Evaluation
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research
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10
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Turati F, Pelucchi C, Guercio V, Vecchia CL, Galeone C. Allium vegetable intake and gastric cancer: A case-control study and meta-analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:171-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Turati
- Department of Epidemiology; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milano Italy
| | - Claudio Pelucchi
- Department of Epidemiology; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milano Italy
| | - Valentina Guercio
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Carlotta Galeone
- Department of Epidemiology; IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; Milano Italy
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Abstract
It is well known that oxidative stress is an inevitable event in aerobic life. When our cells use oxygen to create energy, a variety of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are generated. These species could attack DNA directly and form mutagenic lesions afterwards. According to the oxidative stress hypothesis of aging, the oxidative damage to critical molecules accumulates over the life period and could ultimately impair the body’s function. Moreover, severe oxidative stress causes mutations of tumor suppressor genes, known as one of the initial events in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, it could also play a crucial role in the promotion of the multi-step carcinogenesis.
On the other hand, the human body possesses a number of mechanisms that counteract oxidative stress by producing antioxidants in situ, or externally supplied them through foods and/or supplements. Indeed, a considerable amount of laboratory evidence from chemical, cell culture, and animal studies indicates that antioxidants may slow down or possibly prevent the cancer development. Yet, the information from
recent cohort, case-control and/or ecological studies is less clear. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to compile a compendium of studies, and to identify effective and promising natural antioxidant interventions.
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12
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Ren JS, Kamangar F, Forman D, Islami F. Pickled food and risk of gastric cancer--a systematic review and meta-analysis of English and Chinese literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:905-15. [PMID: 22499775 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ecological and experimental studies have suggested an increased risk of gastric cancer in relation to consumption of pickled vegetables in East Asia. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of epidemiologic observational studies to evaluate the existing evidence. Searching PubMed, Vip Chinese Periodical, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, we found a total of 60 studies, 50 case-control, and 10 prospective. We compared gastric cancer risk in pickled vegetable/food users versus nonusers (11 studies) or versus those in the lowest reported category of use (49 studies). Pooled results were computed with random-effects models. RESULTS Among case-control studies, 30 showed significant increased risk and one showed significant decreased risk. Among prospective studies, two showed a significant increased risk but none showed a significant decreased risk. The OR (95% CI) was 1.52 (1.37-1.68) for the overall association, 1.56 (1.39-1.75) for case-control, and 1.32 (1.10-1.59) for cohort studies. The OR (95% CI) was 1.89 (1.29-2.77) in Korean, 1.86 (1.61-2.15) in Chinese, and 1.16 (1.04-1.29) in Japanese studies, and 1.14 (0.96-1.35) in studies from other countries. There was high heterogeneity in overall and subgroup analyses. There was little evidence for publication bias. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a potential 50% higher risk of gastric cancer associated with intake of pickled vegetables/foods and perhaps stronger associations in Korea and China. IMPACT The results of this study may offer ways to reduce the risk of gastric cancer in highly populated areas with high incidence of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Song Ren
- International Agencyfor Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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14
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Zaid H, Silbermann M, Ben-Arye E, Saad B. Greco-arab and islamic herbal-derived anticancer modalities: from tradition to molecular mechanisms. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2012:349040. [PMID: 22203868 PMCID: PMC3235667 DOI: 10.1155/2012/349040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is increasing in the developed countries and even more so in developing countries parallel to the increase in life expectancy. In recent years, clinicians and researchers advocate the need to include supportive and palliative care since the establishment of the diagnosis and throughout the duration of treatment, with the goal of improving patients' quality of life. This patient-centered approach in supportive care is also shared by various traditional and complementary medicine approaches. Traditional Arab-Islamic medicine offers a variety of therapeutic modalities that include herbal, nutritional, and spiritual approaches. Physicians and scholars, such as Avicenna (980-1037), Rhazes (965-915), Al Zahrawi (936-1013), and Ibn al Nafis (1218-1288) referred to cancer etiology in various medicinal texts and suggested both preventive and therapeutic remedies to alleviate suffering. This review presents research data related to the anticancer activities of herbs used in Arab-Islamic medicine and allude to their potential role in improving the quality of life of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Zaid
- Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academy, P.O. Box 124, Baqa El-Gharbia 30100, Israel
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University Jenin, P.O. Box 240, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Michael Silbermann
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Middle East Cancer Consortium, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eran Ben-Arye
- Integrative Oncology Program, The Oncology Service, Lin Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, Western Galilee District, Haifa, Israel
- Complementary and Traditional Medicine Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel and Clalit Health Services, Western Galilee District, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bashar Saad
- Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academy, P.O. Box 124, Baqa El-Gharbia 30100, Israel
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Arab American University Jenin, P.O. Box 240, Jenin, Palestine
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He B, Pan Y, Xu Y, Nie Z, Chen L, Gu L, Wang S. Increased risk for gastric cancer in carriers of the lymphotoxin-α+252G variant infected by Helicobacter pylori. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2011; 16:9-14. [PMID: 21793721 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2011.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to determine whether polymorphisms in the lymphotoxin-α (LTA) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) genes were associated with gastric cancer (GC) in a Chinese population. One hundred ninety-six patients with GC and 248 healthy individuals were enrolled in this case-control study. The LTA 252G was associated with an increased risk of GC, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.74 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-2.69) for the LTA 252G heterozygotes and 2.42 (95% CI: 1.28-4.58) for the LTA 252G homozygotes as compared with noncarriers. In contrast, such association is not found in polymorphisms in IL-10; however, a potential interaction between LTA +252 G allele and IL-10-1082 G/A was found to be associated with the occurrence of GC (adjusted OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.01-3.64). This study indicates that the LTA +252G allele is associated with increased risk for the presence of GC in a Helicobacter pylori infection positive subgroup and potential interaction between IL-10 and LTA may contribute to the risk of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangshun He
- Central Lab, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhou Y, Zhuang W, Hu W, Liu GJ, Wu TX, Wu XT. Consumption of large amounts of Allium vegetables reduces risk for gastric cancer in a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:80-9. [PMID: 21473867 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The chemopreventive effects of Allium vegetables (onions, garlic, shallots, leeks, chives, and so forth) have been studied extensively, although their effect on gastric cancer risk is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies to analyze this association. METHODS We searched MEDLINE for studies of Allium vegetable consumption and gastric cancer that were published in any language, from January 1, 1966, to September 1, 2010. We analyzed 19 case-control and 2 cohort studies, of 543,220 subjects. We pooled the relative risks from individual studies using a random-effects model and performed dose-response, heterogeneity, and publication bias analyses. RESULTS In a pooled analysis of all studies, consumption of large amounts of Allium vegetables (in a comparison of the highest and lowest consumption groups) reduced the risk for gastric cancer (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-0.65). Specific analyses for onion, garlic, leek, Chinese chive, scallion, garlic stalk, and Welsh onion yielded similar results, except for onion leaf. The estimated summary odds ratio for an increment of 20 g/day of Allium vegetables consumed (approximately the average weight of 1 garlic bulb) was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.88-0.94), based on case-control studies from the dose-response meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS In a meta-analysis, consumption of high levels of Allium vegetables reduced the risk for gastric cancer risk. Because of potential confounding factors and exposure misclassification, further studies are required to establish this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Li JQ, Chen J, Liu NN, Yang L, Zeng Y, Wang B, Wang XR. Ku80 gene G-1401T promoter polymorphism and risk of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2131-6. [PMID: 21547134 PMCID: PMC3084400 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i16.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the possible relationship between the Ku80 gene polymorphism and the risk of gastric cancer in China.
METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study of gastric cancer in Jiangsu Province, China, we investigated the association of the Ku80 G-1401T (rs828907) polymorphism with gastric cancer risk. A total of 241 patients with gastric cancer and 273 age- and sex-matched control subjects were genotyped and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.
RESULTS: The frequencies of genotypes GG, GT and TT were 65.6%, 22.8% and 11.6% in gastric cancer cases, respectively, and 75.8%, 17.6% and 6.6% in controls, respectively. There were significant differences between gastric cancer and control groups in the distribution of their genotypes (P = 0.03) and allelic frequencies (P = 0.002) in the Ku80 promoter G-1401T polymorphism.
CONCLUSION: The T allele of Ku80 G-1401T may be associated with the development of gastric cancer.
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18
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Bang MA, Kim HA. Dietary supplementation of onion inhibits diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kim JY, Kwon O. Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:257-64. [PMID: 19056580 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous animal and in vitro studies provided evidence for a relation between garlic intake and cancer risk reduction. Several studies also reported an inverse association in humans. However, no claims have been made about garlic intake and cancer risk reduction with respect to food labeling. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific evidence for garlic intake with respect to the risk of different types of cancer using the US Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. DESIGN Literature searches were conducted by using the Medline and EMBASE databases for the period 1955-2007 with search terms Allium sativum, vegetables, diet, and nutrition in combination with cancer, neoplasm, and individual cancers. The search was limited to human studies published in English and Korean. RESULTS With the use of the US Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims, 19 human studies were identified and reviewed to evaluate the strength of the evidence that supports a relation between garlic intake and reduced risk of different cancers with respect to food labeling. CONCLUSIONS There was no credible evidence to support a relation between garlic intake and a reduced risk of gastric, breast, lung, or endometrial cancer. Very limited evidence supported a relation between garlic consumption and reduced risk of colon, prostate, esophageal, larynx, oral, ovary, or renal cell cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- Division of Nutrition and Functional Food Standards, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, Korea
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Lu Y, Xu YC, Shen J, Yu RB, Niu JY, Guo JT, Hu X, Shen HB. E-cadherin gene C-160A promoter polymorphism and risk of non-cardia gastric cancer in a Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:56-60. [PMID: 15609397 PMCID: PMC4205384 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To test the hypothesis that E-cadherin gene (CDH1) C-160A promoter variant genotype is associated with an increased risk for developing gastric cancer.
METHODS: In this population-based case-control study of gastric cancer in Jiangsu Province, China, we performed polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to genotype the C-160A polymorphism of CDH1 promoter in 206 non-cardia gastric cancer patients and 261 age- and sex-matched but unrelated cancer-free controls.
RESULTS: The frequencies of genotypes CC, CA and AA were 57.8%, 36.4% and 5.8% in gasfric cancer cases, respectively, and 58.2%, 34.9% and 6.9% in controls respectively. The distributions of CDH1 genotypes were not significantly different between gastric cancer cases and controls (P = 0.87 for genotype frequency and P = 0.92 for allele frequency). Compared with the CC genotype, the CA and AA genotypes were not associated with an increased risk for non-cardia gastric cancer (adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 1.15, and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.78-1.72 for CA genotype, and OR = 0.90 and 95% CI = 0.42-2.01 for AA genotype).
CONCLUSION: E-cadherin gene C-160A promoter polymorphism may not play a major role in the etiology of non-cardia gastric cancer in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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Hassan HT. Ajoene (natural garlic compound): a new anti-leukaemia agent for AML therapy. Leuk Res 2004; 28:667-71. [PMID: 15158086 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2003] [Accepted: 10/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reputation of garlic (Allium sativum) as an effective remedy for tumours extends back to the Egyptian Codex Ebers of 1550 b.c. Several garlic compounds including allicin and its corresponding sulfide inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of several human non-leukaemia malignant cells including breast, bladder, colorectal, hepatic, prostate cancer, lymphoma and skin tumour cell lines. Ajoene (4,5,9-trithiadodeca-1,6,11-triene-9-oxide) is a garlic-derived compound produced most efficiently from pure allicin and has the advantage of a greater chemical stability than allicin. Several clinical trials and in vitro studies of ajoene have demonstrated its best-known anti-thrombosis, anti-microbial and cholesterol lowering activities. Recently, topic application of ajoene has produced significant clinical response in patients with skin basal cell carcinoma. Ajoene was shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of several human leukaemia CD34-negative cells including HL-60, U937, HEL and OCIM-1. Also, ajoene induces 30% apoptosis in myeloblasts from chronic myeloid leukaemia patient in blast crisis. More significantly, ajoene profoundly enhanced the apoptotic effect of the two chemotherapeutic drugs: cytarabine and fludarabine in human CD34-positive resistant myeloid leukaemia cells through enhancing their bcl-2 inhibitory and caspase-3 activation activities. The two key anti-leukaemia biological actions of ajoene were the inhibition of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. Studies have shown the anti-proliferation activity of ajoene to be associated with a block in the G2/M phase of cell cycle in human myeloid leukaemia cells. The apoptosis inducing activity of ajoene is via the mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade through a significant reduction of the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 that results in release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-3. Since acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignant disease in which disease progression at the level of CD34-positive cells has a major impact on resistance to chemotherapy and relapse and the inability to undergo apoptosis is a crucial mechanism of multi-drug resistance in AML patients. The recent findings of the potent enhancing activity of ajoene on chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in CD34-positive resistant human myeloid leukaemia cells suggest a novel promising role for the treatment of refractory and/or relapsed AML patients as well as elderly AML patients. Further studies are warranted to evaluate similar enhancing effect for ajoene in blast cells from AML patients in primary cultures before its introduction in pilot clinical study.
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22
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Thomson CA, LeWinn K, Newton TR, Alberts DS, Martinez ME. Nutrition and diet in the development of gastrointestinal cancer. Curr Oncol Rep 2003; 5:192-202. [PMID: 12667416 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-003-0110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diet plays a role in the prevention and development of gastrointestinal cancers. The majority of available research consists of case-control studies, but the number of clinical trials is growing. The dietary recommendations to reduce gastrointestinal cancer risk include lowering total energy, fat, and saturated fat intake; avoidance of grilled and smoked foods; avoidance of alcohol; and increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Studies of esophageal cancer support these dietary approaches, with the exception of dietary fat reduction and increased green tea intake. For gastric cancer, consuming additional fruits and vegetables, including those high in ascorbic acid, may reduce risk, and the capacity for diet to alter Helicobacter pylori infection should be explored. Recent interventional trials do not support a role for high-fiber or low-fat diets in reducing development of colon adenomas, although the evidence does not rule out efficacy at earlier stages of disease. Finally, the evidence for a relationship between pancreatic cancer and diet remains sparse and warrants additional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Thomson
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 1515 N Campbell Avenue, PO Box 245024, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA.
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23
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Hasler CM. Functional foods: benefits, concerns and challenges-a position paper from the american council on science and health. J Nutr 2002; 132:3772-81. [PMID: 12468622 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.12.3772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional foods can be considered to be those whole, fortified, enriched or enhanced foods that provide health benefits beyond the provision of essential nutrients (e.g., vitamins and minerals), when they are consumed at efficacious levels as part of a varied diet on a regular basis. Linking the consumption of functional foods or food ingredients with health claims should be based on sound scientific evidence, with the "gold standard" being replicated, randomized, placebo-controlled, intervention trials in human subjects. However, not all foods on the market today that are claimed to be functional foods are supported by enough solid data to merit such claims. This review categorizes a variety of functional foods according to the type of evidence supporting their functionality, the strength of that evidence and the recommended intakes. Functional foods represent one of the most intensively investigated and widely promoted areas in the food and nutrition sciences today. However, it must be emphasized that these foods and ingredients are not magic bullets or panaceas for poor health habits. Diet is only one aspect of a comprehensive approach to good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Hasler
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Functional Foods for Health Program, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA.
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24
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Mathers JC. Pulses and carcinogenesis: potential for the prevention of colon, breast and other cancers. Br J Nutr 2002; 88 Suppl 3:S273-9. [PMID: 12498627 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of pulses as components of healthy diets is encouraged because it is believed that this is likely to help in reducing the risk of common non-communicable diseases, including cancers. However, the evidence base for the role of pulses in prevention of cancers is unconvincing because of the difficulties, using conventional epidemiological tools, in ascertaining the quantitative contribution made by pulses to cancer risk. Advances in understanding of the biological basis of cancer and of the mechanisms of action of cancer-preventing compounds offer new insights into the role of food-derived substances and of diet-gene interactions in modulating cancer risk. Pulses contain a rich variety of compounds which, if consumed in sufficient quantities, may help to reduce tumour risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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25
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Takezaki T, Gao CM, Wu JZ, Li ZY, Wang JD, Ding JH, Liu YT, Hu X, Xu TL, Tajima K, Sugimura H. hOGG1 Ser(326)Cys polymorphism and modification by environmental factors of stomach cancer risk in Chinese. Int J Cancer 2002; 99:624-627. [PMID: 11992556 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in many types of DNA damage, e.g., resulting in 8-hydroxyguanine adducts. Since a human counterpart exists for the yeast gene OGG1 (hOGG1) encoding an enzyme that repairs 8-hydroxyguanine, its polymorphism, Ser(326)Cys, might have potential as a genetic marker for cancer susceptibility. To investigate its association with stomach cancer risk and possible interactions with environmental factors, we conducted a case-control study of 101 stomach cancer cases and 198 controls using PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism and a questionnaire approach. The proportional distribution of the Cys/Cys alleles did not differ between stomach cancer cases and controls, but subgroup analyses revealed that a frequent drinking habit elevated the odds ratio (OR) for stomach cancer in Cys/Cys compared to Ser/Ser and Ser/Cys carriers. The ORs with frequent consumption of pickled vegetables and meat tended to be higher in Cys/Cys than in Ser/Ser and Ser/Cys carriers, these interactions being on the borderline of statistical significance. Our findings suggest that the hOGG1 Ser(326)Cys polymorphism may alter the impact of some environmental factors on stomach cancer development. For confirmation, an additional study with a larger number of subjects is now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Takezaki
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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Benlhabib E, Baker JI, Keyler DE, Singh AK. Composition, red blood cell uptake, and serum protein binding of phytoestrogens extracted from commercial kudzu-root and soy preparations. J Med Food 2002; 5:109-23. [PMID: 12495583 DOI: 10.1089/10966200260398143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kudzu-root and soy phytoestrogens have been associated with anti-cancer and anti-intoxication activities. Sales of capsules containing kudzu-root and soy extracts through health food stores and the Internet are unregulated. To compare efficacy, the amount of phytoestrogens present in commercial preparations and their fate in biological samples must be determined. In this study, the levels and composition of phytoestrogens in kudzu-root and soy extracts were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet light detection. The bioavailability of phytoestrogens was studied by measuring red blood cell (RBC) uptake and serum protein binding ability. Phytoestrogen levels in acidified kudzu-root samples were 5- to 10-fold greater than those in nonacidified samples. Puerarin accounted for 80% of total phytoestrogens in kudzu-root. In soy extract, puerarin was absent while genistin, glycetein, and daidzin or daidzein were the major phytoestrogens. The RBC uptake depended on the phytoestrogen's polarity and molecular length. When serum was dialyzed with phytoestrogen standards in a buffer, the protein binding of phytoestrogens correlated negatively with their polarity. However, when serum was dialyzed with kudzu-root or soy extract, almost all of the phytoestrogens present in the extract bound to serum protein. Therefore, this study suggests differences in the bioavailability of phytoestrogens when they are ingested as purified compounds compared with crude plant extract. The differential composition of phytoestrogens in kudzu-root and soy may account for the differences in their therapeutic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elhabib Benlhabib
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Takezaki T, Gao CM, Wu JZ, Ding JH, Liu YT, Zhang Y, Li SP, Su P, Liu TK, Tajima K. Dietary protective and risk factors for esophageal and stomach cancers in a low-epidemic area for stomach cancer in Jiangsu Province, China: comparison with those in a high-epidemic area. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:1157-65. [PMID: 11714439 PMCID: PMC5926655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb02135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative epidemiological studies with ecological and case-control approaches in high- and low-epidemic areas of China have provided us with much evidence with regard to risk and benefit in the environment. To clarify how dietary factors are involved in esophageal and stomach cancer development, we performed a case-control study in a low-epidemic area, and compared the findings with those obtained earlier for a high-epidemic area for stomach cancer in the same Jiangsu Province, China. We recruited 199 and 187 cases with esophageal and stomach cancers, respectively, and 333 population-based common controls. Odds ratios (ORs) for esophageal and stomach cancers were calculated with adjustment for potential confounding factors, using an unconditional logistic model. Current and former smoking elevated the OR for esophageal cancer, along with high intake of pickled vegetables and broiled meat, while decreased ORs were observed for frequently consumed raw vegetables and garlic. With regard to stomach cancer, ORs were increased with frequent consumption of salty fish, leftover gruel, and broiled meat, and lowered by snap bean consumption. The present risk factors were common to the previously obtained results in the high-epidemic area, and similarly distributed in each general population. While more protective factors were observed in the high-epidemic area, their penetrance was much greater in the low-epidemic area. The present study thus suggests that frequent vegetable and garlic consumption contributes to low mortality rates for esophageal and stomach cancers in a low-epidemic area, counteracting similar exposure levels for risk factors as in the high-epidemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takezaki
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681.
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Muñoz N, Plummer M, Vivas J, Moreno V, De Sanjosé S, Lopez G, Oliver W. A case-control study of gastric cancer in Venezuela. Int J Cancer 2001; 93:417-23. [PMID: 11433408 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A case-control study to evaluate risk factors for gastric cancer was carried out among 292 cases of gastric cancer and 485 controls in a high-risk area of Venezuela. Subjects were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, which elicited information on residential history, socio-economic status, family history of gastric diseases, smoking, drinking and dietary habits. Habitual diet was estimated from a meal-structured food frequency questionnaire on 75 food items. There was a strong inverse association with social class, as measured by education and by indicators of poverty. The results of the dietary analysis suggest that a diet high in starch and low in meat, fish and fresh vegetables increases risk of gastric cancer. A protective effect was observed for frequent consumption of allium vegetables. Inverse associations were found with height, which may reflect nutritional status in childhood, and with refrigerator use in the first two decades of life. Alcohol and tobacco consumption was investigated among males only, since the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use was very low in females. Alcohol drinkers were at higher risk than non-drinkers and there was a small excess risk for current smokers compared with never smokers. There was some evidence of familial aggregation of gastric cancer. These findings will have important implications in planning preventive strategies for gastric cancer in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Muñoz
- Unit of Field and Intervention Studies, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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Yang SM, Fang DC, Luo YH, Lu R, Battle PD, Liu WW. Alterations of telomerase activity and terminal restriction fragment in gastric cancer and its premalignant lesions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16:876-82. [PMID: 11555101 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In order to explore the role of alterations of telomerase activity and terminal restriction fragment (TRF) length in the development and progression of gastric cancer. METHODS Telomerase activity was detected in 176 specimens of gastric mucosa obtained through an operation or endoscopical biopsy by using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay. Meanwhile, the mean length of TRF was measured with the use of a Southern blot in part of those samples. RESULTS Telomerase activity was detected in 14 of 57 (24.6%) chronic atrophy gastritis patients, six of 18 (33.3%) intestinal metaplasia patients, three of eight (37.5%) dysplasia patients and 60 of 65 (92.3%) gastric cancer patients, respectively. Normal gastric mucosa revealed no telomerase activity. No association was found between telomerase activity and any clinicopathological parameters. The mean TRF length was decreased gradually with age in normal mucosa and in gastric cancer tissue. Regression analysis demonstrated that the reduction rate in these tissues was 41 +/- 12 base pairs/year. Among 35 gastric cancers, TRF length was shown to be shorter in 20 cases (57.1%), similar in 12 cases (34.3%) and elongated in three cases (7.6%), compared to the corresponding adjacent tissues. The mean TRF length tended to decrease as the mucosa underwent chronic atrophy gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and into gastric cancer. The mean TRF length in gastric cancer was not statistically correlated with clinicopathological parameters and telomerase activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that telomerase is expressed during the early stage of gastric carcinogenesis, and that the clinical significance of TRF length appears to be limited in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, South-west Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Watanabe T, Sugie S, Okamoto K, Rahman KM, Ushida J, Mori H. Chemopreventive effects of scordinin on diethylnitrosamine and phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:603-9. [PMID: 11429047 PMCID: PMC5926765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifying effects of scordinin, a biological active component in garlic, on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)- and phenobarbital (PB)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis were examined in rats. Male F344 rats, 5 weeks old, were divided into 8 groups. After a week, groups 1 - 5 were given DEN (100 mg / kg body weight, i.p.) once a week for 3 weeks, whereas groups 6 - 8 received vehicle treatment. Group 2 was given 600 ppm scordinin-containing diet in the initiation phase. From 4 weeks after the start of experiment, groups 3 and 5 were fed scordinin, and groups 1 - 3 and 7 received drinking water containing 500 ppm PB. Group 6 was given scordinin diet alone throughout the experiment (24 weeks). The incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma were significantly smaller in group 3 than those in group 1 (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively). The average numbers of liver neoplasms in groups 2 and 3 were significantly smaller than in group 1 (P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci were also significantly decreased by scordinin treatment in the initiation or promotion phase. Scordinin significantly decreased the mean number of nucleolar organizer regions' protein (AgNORs) / nucleus in hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma. AgNORs / nucleus in the non-lesional area was also significantly decreased by scordinin treatment during the promotion phase. These results suggest that scordinin is a promising chemopreventive agent for liver neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500-8705, Japan
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Abstract
In Japan stomach cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. We analysed the annual mortality rate of stomach cancer in relation to age, gender and life expectancy in Japan between 1970 and 1995. The adjusted stomach cancer-related mortality rates decreased from 88.9 in 1970 to 45.4 per 100,000 in 1995 in males and from 46.5 to 18.5 per 100,000 in females. The male-female ratio for stomach cancer-related mortality in all ages was 1.9-2.5 during this 25-year period, and the mortality rate was higher in females than in males at young age. The negative contribution to life expectancy for stomach cancer in males was 0.65 years and 0.42 years in females, which is consistent with a higher mortality rate in males. This negative contribution was 41.8% of total cancer in 1970 and 39.4% in 1995 in males and 34.4% and 16.0%, respectively, in females. Our results demonstrated the need to take into consideration the characteristics of stomach cancer in young women and the effects of ageing when designing programmes aimed at prevention and control of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Oita Medical University, Japan
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Shen H, Xu Y, Qian Y, Yu R, Qin Y, Zhou L, Wang X, Spitz MR, Wei Q. Polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 and risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Int J Cancer 2000; 88:601-6. [PMID: 11058877 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001115)88:4<601::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in China and other countries in eastern Asia. Studies of gastric cancer have revealed that it is a disease of complex etiology involving dietary, infectious, environmental, occupational and genetic factors. DNA repair capacity has been suggested as a genetic factor contributing to variation in susceptibility to cancer. In the present study, we described an association between 2 polymorphisms of the DNA repair gene XRCC1 and risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. We used a polymerase chain reaction-based assay to detect Pvu II and Nci I restriction fragment length polymorphisms (XRCC1 26304 C-->T and XRCC1 28152 G-->A, respectively) in 188 patients with gastric cancer and 166 healthy controls. The XRCC1 26304 T allele (194Trp) frequency (34.6%) was higher and the XRCC1 28152 A allele (399Gln) frequency (25.6%) was lower in healthy Chinese controls than previously reported healthy U.S. Caucasian controls (7.2% and 34.1%, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the putative high-risk genotypes XRCC1 26304 CC and XRCC1 28152 GA/AA were associated with a non-significant increased risk for gastric cancer (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.93-2.25 and OR=1.53, 95% CI= 0.98-2.39, respectively) compared with other genotypes. However, the XRCC1 26304 CC genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for gastric cardia cancer (adjusted OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.09-3.20). Individuals with both putative high-risk genotypes (CC and GA/AA) had a significantly higher risk (adjusted OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.12-2.69), particularly for gastric cardia cancer (adjusted OR=2.18, 95% CI=1.21-3.94) than individuals with other genotypes. These findings support the hypothesis that these 2 XRCC1 variants may contribute to the risk of developing gastric cancer, particularly gastric cardia cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Gao CM, Takezaki T, Ding JH, Li MS, Tajima K. Protective effect of allium vegetables against both esophageal and stomach cancer: a simultaneous case-referent study of a high-epidemic area in Jiangsu Province, China. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:614-21. [PMID: 10429652 PMCID: PMC5926109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the relation between allium vegetable intake and cancer of the esophagus (EC) and stomach (SC) in Yangzhong city, which is one of the highest-risk areas for these cancers in Jiangsu province, China, a simultaneous case-referent study was conducted using histopathologically confirmed cases (EC: n = 81, SC: n = 153) and population-based referents (n = 234). A questionnaire was used to collect information on the general status of subjects, their dietary habits, frequency intake of allium vegetables and other foods, tea consumption, smoking and alcohol drinking. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by a multiple logistic regression model. The results showed that frequent intake of allium vegetables (including garlic, onion, Welsh onion and Chinese chives), raw vegetables, tomatoes and snap beans, and tea consumption were inversely associated with the risk for EC and SC. In the highest consumption category (> or = 1 time/week) of garlic, onion, Welsh onion and Chinese chives, the adjusted ORs compared with the lowest category (< 1 time/month) were 0.30 (CI = 0.19-0.47), 0.25 (CI = 0.11-0.54), 0.15 (CI = 0.08-0.26), and 0.57 (CI = 0.23-1.42) for EC, and 0.31 (CI = 0.22-0.44), 0.17 (CI = 0.08-0.36), 0.22 (CI = 0.15-0.31) and 0.40 (CI = 0.17-0.94) for SC, respectively. The main results in the present study suggested that allium vegetables, like raw vegetables, may have an important protecting effect against not only stomach cancer, but also esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gao
- Division of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China.
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