• Calorie restriction
• Catalase
• High-fat diet
• NQO1
• Paraoxonase
• Quercetin

• Animals
• Male
• Quercetin/pharmacology
• Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Leptin/metabolism
• Caloric Restriction/methods
• Adiponectin/metabolism
• Mice
• Obesity/metabolism
• Obesity/etiology
• Antioxidants/metabolism
• Antioxidants/pharmacology

• Ectopic fat
• Fitness level
• Imeglimin
• Insulin secretion
• Insulin sensitivity

• Sumitomo Pharma, Co., Ltd.

• Magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density fat fraction
• Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
• Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus

• Humans
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnostic imaging
• Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Retrospective Studies
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Aged
• Fatty Liver/diagnostic imaging
• Fatty Liver/drug therapy
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnostic imaging
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/drug therapy
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
• Liver/diagnostic imaging
• Liver/pathology
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/metabolism

• insulin sensitivity
• meal challenges
• metabolites
• phenotypic flexibility
• weight loss

• Diet
• Weight Loss
• Overweight/diet therapy
• Overweight/metabolism
• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Adult
• Body Composition
• Adipose Tissue
• Insulin/metabolism
• Biomarkers

• Department of Health

• East Asian
• ectopic fat
• gut microbiota
• insulin clearance
• insulin resistance
• non-obese

• Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
• KAKENHI (18H03196) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

• glucose
• intrahepatic lipid
• metabolism
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• sitagliptin

• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism
• Humans
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
• Metformin/therapeutic use
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/drug therapy
• Prospective Studies
• Sitagliptin Phosphate/therapeutic use
• Triglycerides

Context: Endurance-trained athletes have high oxidative capacities, enhanced insulin sensitivities, and high intracellular lipid accumulation in muscle. These characteristics are likely due to altered gene expression levels in muscle. Design and setting: We compared intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), insulin sensitivity, and gene expression levels of the muscle in eight nonobese healthy men (control group) and seven male endurance athletes (athlete group). Their IMCL levels were measured by proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and their insulin sensitivity was evaluated by glucose infusion rate (GIR) during a euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp. Gene expression levels in the vastus lateralis were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and microarray analysis. Results: IMCL levels in the tibialis anterior muscle were approximately 2.5 times higher in the athlete group compared to the control group, while the IMCL levels in the soleus muscle and GIR were comparable. In the microarray hierarchical clustering analysis, gene expression patterns were not clearly divided into control and athlete groups. In a gene set enrichment analysis with Gene Ontology gene sets, “RESPONSE TO LIPID” was significantly upregulated in the athlete group compared with the control group. Indeed, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that, compared to the control group, the athlete group had 2–3 times higher expressions of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC1A), adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs), and fatty acid transporters including fatty acid transporter-1, plasma membrane-associated fatty acid binding protein, and lipoprotein lipase. Conclusions: Endurance runners with higher IMCL levels have higher expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism such as PGC1A, AdipoRs, and fatty acid transporters in muscle.

• adiponectin receptor
• athlete’s paradox
• insulin resistance
• intramyocellular lipid

• Insulin sensitivity
• Muscle strength
• Non-obese

• High Technology Research Center Grant, Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities
• KAKENHI
• Japan Diabetes Foundation
• Suzuken Memorial Foundation
• Mitsukoshi Welfare Foundation
• Diabetes Masters Conference

• Free glycerol
• Insulin resistance
• Lipoprotein lipase
• Metabolic syndrome
• Visceral fat

• 1-h plasma glucose levels
• Insulinogenic index
• Non-obese

Accumulation of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) is observed in individuals with insulin resistance as well as insulin-sensitive endurance athletes with high peak oxygen consumption (VO₂peak), which is called the athlete’s paradox. It remains unclear whether non-athletes with higher fitness levels have IMCL accumulation and higher insulin sensitivity in general. In this study, we investigated the association between IMCL accumulation and muscle insulin sensitivity (M-IS) in subjects with high or low VO₂peak. We studied 61 nonobese (BMI, 23 to 25 kg/m²), non-athlete Japanese men. We divided the subjects into four groups based on the median value of VO₂peak and IMCL in the soleus muscle. We evaluated M-IS using a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Among subjects with higher VO₂peak (n = 32), half of those (n = 16) had lower IMCL levels. Both High-VO₂peak groups had higher M-IS than the Low-VO₂peak groups. On the other hand, M-IS was comparable between the High-VO₂peak/High-IMCL and High-VO₂peak/Low-IMCL groups, whereas the High-VO₂peak/High-IMCL group had IMCL levels that were twice as high as those in the High-VO₂peak/Low-IMCL group. On the other hand, the High-VO₂peak/High-IMCL group had significantly higher physical activity levels (approximately 1.8-fold) than the other three groups. In conclusion, in nonobese, non-athlete Japanese men, subjects with higher VO₂peak and higher IMCL had higher physical activity levels. IMCL accumulation is not associated with insulin resistance in individuals with higher or lower fitness levels.

• Cardiometabolic risk factors
• Lifestyle intervention
• Obesity
• Older adults
• Weight-loss

• community based study
• insulin sensitivity
• long-term care
• muscle mass
• muscle strength

• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases/epidemiology
• Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology
• Dementia/epidemiology
• Female
• Humans
• Incidence
• Insulin Resistance
• Long-Term Care
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Muscle Strength
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
• Prospective Studies
• Regression Analysis
• Risk Factors
• Tokyo/epidemiology
• Urban Population

• Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities
• KAKENHI
• Mizuno Sports Promotion Foundation
• Mitsui Life Social Welfare Foundation

Circulating C-peptide is generally suppressed by exogenous insulin infusion. However, steady-state serum C-peptide (SS_SC) levels during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in obese subjects are higher than in healthy subjects, which may contribute to hyperinsulinemia to compensate for insulin resistance. Even in healthy subjects, interindividual variations in SS_SC levels are present; however, the characteristics of subjects with high SS_SC levels in those populations have not been fully elucidated.

To investigate the clinical parameters associated with interindividual variations in SS_SC levels in apparently healthy, nonobese Japanese men.

We studied 49 nonobese (BMI < 25 kg/m²), healthy Japanese men. We evaluated SS_SC and insulin sensitivity using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with tracer. Intrahepatic lipid (IHL) was measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

We divided subjects into high and low SS_SC groups based on the median SS_SC value and compared their clinical parameters. Compared with the low SS_SC group, the high SS_SC group had IHL accumulation, impaired muscle insulin sensitivity, reduced insulin clearance, and hyperinsulinemia during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). All of these factors were significantly correlated with SS_SC.

In healthy, nonobese men, higher SS_SC was associated with impaired muscle insulin sensitivity, IHL accumulation, and hyperinsulinemia during OGTT. These findings suggest that higher endogenous insulin secretion during hyperinsulinemia, along with reduced insulin clearance, may be an early change to maintain metabolic status in the face of moderate muscle insulin resistance, even in healthy, nonobese men.

• feedback inhibition of insulin secretion
• hyperinsulinemia
• insulin resistance
• nonobese

• Hepatic fat fraction
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor

• Adipose Tissue/drug effects
• Adipose Tissue/pathology
• Adult
• Aged
• Body Composition/drug effects
• Canagliflozin/therapeutic use
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Humans
• Liver/drug effects
• Liver/pathology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/physiopathology
• Pilot Projects
• Prognosis
• Prospective Studies
• Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use

• Kitasato University Medical School

• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Adult
• Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood
• Humans
• Insulin Resistance
• Liver/metabolism
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Subcutaneous Fat/metabolism

• inflammation
• liver disease
• obesity
• rehabilitation clinic
• standardized life-style change

Metabolic clearance rate of insulin (MCRI) is thought to help maintain glucose homeostasis even in healthy subjects. However, the effect of a low carbohydrate/high fat (LCHF) diet on MCRI in healthy subject remains unclear. To investigate the effect of a 3-day eucaloric LCHF diet on MCRI in healthy subjects, we studied 42 healthy non-obese Japanese men. Each subject consumed a eucaloric LCHF diet for 3 days. Before and after the LCHF diet, intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) levels were measured using ¹H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and glucose infusion rate (GIR) and MCRI were evaluated with a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. The LCHF diet increased MCRI by 10% and decreased steady state serum insulin (SS_SI) and GIR during glucose clamp by 10% and 6%, respectively. To further investigate the role of MCRI, we divided subjects into high-responder (HR) and low-responder (LR) groups based on the median %change in MCRI. The LCHF diet increased IMCL and decreased SS_SI during glucose clamp in the HR group, while those were not altered in the LR group. Our results suggested that a 3-day eucaloric LCHF diet increases MCRI in healthy non-obese Japanese men. This change seemed to be beneficial in terms of maintaining euglycemia during low carbohydrate availability.

Screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus is recommended for Asian Americans with a body mass index ≥23. However, the optimal body mass index cut-off score for predicting the risk of diabetes mellitus in Japanese people is not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the best body mass index cut-off score for predicting insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in the Japanese population.

This study had two parts, a clinical investigation and a retrospective observational investigation. In the clinical part of the study, 58 participants (26 with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 32 non-diabetics) underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp from which their glucose disposal rate was measured. For the retrospective part of the study, medical check-up data from 88,305 people in the Tottori Prefecture were analyzed for clinical evidence of diabetes mellitus. The optimal BMI cut-off scores for prediction of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus were determined.

In the clamp study, the optimal body mass index cut-off score to predict insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients was 22.7. All participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus were insulin resistant, and the optimal body mass index cut-off score for prediction of severe insulin resistance was 26.2. When the data from the type 2 diabetic and the non-diabetic participants were combined, the optimal body mass index cut-off score for prediction of insulin resistance was 23.5. Analysis of 88,305 medical check-up records yielded an optimal body mass index cut-off score for prediction of diabetes mellitus of 23.6.

These results suggest that having a body mass index ≥23 is a risk factor for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in the Japanese population.

• Adult
• Body Mass Index
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
• Female
• Glucose Clamp Technique
• Humans
• Hyperinsulinism/complications
• Insulin Resistance
• Japan/epidemiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Factors

• JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Biomarkers
• Cohort Studies
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
• Disease Progression
• Female
• Humans
• Incidence
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Prediabetic State/complications
• Prediabetic State/diagnosis
• Prediabetic State/epidemiology
• Prediabetic State/pathology
• Prognosis
• Risk Factors
• Severity of Illness Index

Increased hepatic insulin clearance (HIC) is important in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study is to analyze an effective insulin resistance (IR) index that is minimally affected by HIC.

Our study involved 20 participants with T2DM and 21 healthy participants without diabetes (Non-DM). Participants underwent a meal tolerance test from which plasma glucose, insulin and serum C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) were measured, and HOMA-IR and HIC were calculated. Participants then underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp from which the glucose disposal rate (GDR) was measured.

The index CPR-IR = 20/(fasting CPR × fasting plasma glucose) was correlated more strongly with GDR, than was HOMA-IR, and CPR-IR could be used to estimate GDR. In T2DM participants with HIC below the median, HOMA-IR and CPR-IR were equally well correlated with GDR. In T2DM with high HIC, CPR-IR correlated with GDR while HOMA-IR did not. In Non-DM, CPR-IR and HOMA-IR were equally well correlated with GDR regardless of HIC. The mean HIC value in T2DM was significantly higher than that of Non-DM.

CPR-IR could be a simple and effective index of insulin resistance for patients with type 2 diabetes that is minimally affected by HIC.

• Adult
• C-Peptide/blood
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
• Eating
• Fasting
• Female
• Glucose Clamp Technique
• Humans
• Insulin/metabolism
• Insulin Resistance
• Liver/metabolism
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Severity of Illness Index

• JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)

• Glucose clamp(s)
• Insulin resistance
• Selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α modulator

Japanese women have substantially lower body mass index (BMI) than women in other developed countries. The BMI of Japanese women has steadily decreased over time. However, glucose metabolism in underweight Japanese women has not been fully characterized.

The aim of this study was to investigate glucose metabolism and the physical characteristics of underweight Japanese women.

We recruited 31 young (20 to 29 years of age) and 30 postmenopausal (50 to 65 years of age) underweight women. We also recruited young normal-weight women (n = 13) and postmenopausal normal-weight women (n = 10) to serve as references. We administered an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and evaluated intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) levels and body composition using ¹H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively.

Young underweight women had similar glucose tolerance as young normal-weight women. However, postmenopausal underweight women had a higher area under the curve (AUC) for glucose during OGTT than postmenopausal normal-weight women. In postmenopausal underweight women, 2-hour glucose levels during OGTT were negatively correlated with lean body mass (r = −0.55, P < 0.01) and insulinogenic index (r = −0.42, P = 0.02) and were positively correlated with IMCL levels (r = 0.40, P = 0.03). Compared with young underweight women, postmenopausal underweight women had a higher AUC for glucose during OGTT and a lower insulinogenic index and AUC for insulin during OGTT.

Postmenopausal underweight women had more impaired glucose tolerance than young underweight women. In postmenopausal underweight women, the degree of glucose tolerance impairment was associated with decreased lean body mass, increased IMCL accumulation, and impaired insulin secretion.

• impaired glucose tolerance
• intramyocellular lipid
• lean body mass
• underweight

• Fatty liver
• Insulin resistance
• Non-obese

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) plays a crucial role in type 2 diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma. The major underlying pathogenesis is hepatic insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to characterize patients with NAFLD with paradoxically normal hepatic insulin sensitivity relative to patients with NAFLD with hepatic insulin resistance. We recruited 26 patients with NAFLD and divided them into three groups ranked by the level of hepatic insulin sensitivity (HIS; high‐HIS, mid‐HIS, low‐HIS), as assessed by the hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp studies using stable isotope. Hepatic insulin sensitivity of the high‐HIS group was identical to that of the non‐NAFLD lean control (clamped percent suppression of endogenous glucose production, 91.1% ± 5.2% versus 91.0% ± 8.5%, respectively) and was significantly higher than that of the low‐HIS group (66.6% ± 7.5%; P < 0.01). Adiposity (subcutaneous, visceral, intrahepatic, and muscular lipid content), hepatic histopathology, and expression levels of various genes by using liver biopsies, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, plasma metabolites by metabolomics analysis, putative biomarkers, and lifestyles were assessed and compared between the high‐HIS and low‐HIS groups. Among these, adipose tissue insulin sensitivity assessed by clamped percent suppression of free fatty acid, serum high molecular weight adiponectin, and plasma tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites, such as citric acid and cis‐aconitic acid, were significantly higher in the high‐HIS group compared to the low‐HIS group. In contrast, there were no differences in adiposity, including intrahepatic lipid content assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (28.3% ± 16.1% versus 20.4% ± 9.9%, respectively), hepatic histopathology, other putative biomarkers, and lifestyles. Conclusion: High levels of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity, serum high molecular weight adiponectin, and plasma tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites are unique characteristics that define patients with hepatic insulin‐sensitive NAFLD regardless of intrahepatic lipid content. (Hepatology Communications 2017;1:634–647)

• dog
• fish oil
• lipid metabolites
• postprandial glycaemia

• Cardiovascular disease
• DNL, de novo lipogenesis
• Diet
• GI, glycaemic index
• Liver fat
• MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
• NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
• PET, positron emission tomography
• PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 gene
• T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Type 2 diabetes

• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Adult
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Cholesterol, HDL/blood
• Cholesterol, LDL/blood
• Glucose Clamp Technique
• Healthy Volunteers
• Humans
• Hyperinsulinism/blood
• Hyperinsulinism/pathology
• Insulin/blood
• Insulin Resistance
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/blood
• Obesity/pathology
• Prospective Studies
• Triglycerides/blood

It has been demonstrated that moderate alcohol consumption provides protection against the development of type 2 diabetes. However, several other reports suggested that moderate alcohol intake may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in non-obese Japanese. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 1-week alcohol abstinence on hepatic insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in non-obese Japanese men. We recruited 8 non-obese Japanese men with mildly elevated FPG and drinking habits alcohol (mean frequency; 5.6 ± 2.5 times/week, mean alcohol consumption; 32.1 ± 20.0 g/day). Before and after the 1-week alcohol abstinence, we used the 2-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to measure endogenous glucose production (EGP) and insulin sensitivity (IS) in muscle and liver. One-week alcohol abstinence significantly reduced both FPG by 7% (from 105.5 ± 11.7 to 98.2 ± 7.8 mg/dl, P < 0.01) and fasting EGP by 6% (from 84.1 ± 4.2 to 77.6 ± 1.6 mg/m² per min, P < 0.01), respectively. Two–step clamp study showed that alcohol abstinence significantly improved hepatic-IS, but not muscle-IS. In conclusion, one week alcohol abstinence improved hepatic IS and FPG in non-obese Japanese men with mildly elevated FPG and drinking habits alcohol.

• Adult
• Aniline Compounds
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Chromatography, Liquid
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
• Female
• Glucose Clamp Technique
• Glycation End Products, Advanced/blood
• Humans
• Insulin/blood
• Insulin Resistance/physiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Phenylpropionates
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry
• Young Adult

• Adult
• Biomarkers/blood
• Diet
• Female
• Humans
• Liver Cirrhosis/diet therapy
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diet therapy
• Oxidative Stress
• Vitis

To assess the etiology of chronic liver diseases (CLD) from 1998 to 2014 at the outpatient clinic of Gastroenterology of the main hospital in Northwest of Italy among those dedicated to hepatology.

A random sample of charts of patients referred to for increased liver enzymes between January 1998 and December 2006, and between January 2012 and December 2014 were reviewed. Etiology search included testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Wilson’s disease and hereditary hemocromatosis. A risky alcohol consumption was also considered. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was diagnosed in patients with histological and/or ultrasound evidence of steatosis/steatohepatitis, and without other causes of CLD.

The number of patients included was 1163. Of them, 528 (45%) had positivity for HCV and 85 (7%) for HBV. Among the virus-free patients, 417 (36%) had metabolic disorders whereas the remaining had history of alcohol abuse, less prevalent causes of CLD or concomitant conditions. In comparison to 1998-2000 (41%), a reduction of HCV alone-related cases was detected during the periods 2001-2003 (35%, OR = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.53-1.06), 2004-2006 (33%, OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.50-0.97) and 2012-2014 (31%, OR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.46-0.91). On the contrary, in comparison to 1998-2000 (31%), metabolic-alone disorders increased in the period 2004-2006 (39%, OR = 1.37, 95%CI: 0.99-1.91) and 2012-2014 (41%, OR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.09-2.16). The other etiologies remained stable. The increase of incidence of metabolic-alone etiology during the period 2004-2006 and 2012-2014 tended to be higher in older patients (≥ 50 years) compared to younger (P = 0.058).

In the Northwest of Italy, during this study period, the prevalence of HCV infection decreased notably whereas that of NAFLD increased.

• Chronic liver diseases
• Cirrhosis
• Hepatitis C virus
• Hepatitis B virus
• Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

• Adult
• Alcohol Drinking
• End Stage Liver Disease/diagnosis
• End Stage Liver Disease/etiology
• Female
• Hemochromatosis/etiology
• Hepatitis B/etiology
• Hepatitis C/etiology
• Hepatitis, Autoimmune/etiology
• Hepatolenticular Degeneration/etiology
• Humans
• Italy/epidemiology
• Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary/etiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
• Retrospective Studies

• African Americans
• Diet
• Endothelial function
• FMD
• Lipoproteins
• MUFA
• Metabolic syndrome
• Muffins
• PUFA
• Triglyceride

• Adult
• Aged
• Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/pharmacology
• Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/therapeutic use
• Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
• Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
• Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/pharmacology
• Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/therapeutic use
• Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
• Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/therapeutic use
• Female
• Humans
• Insulin Resistance
• Lipoproteins/blood
• Male
• Metabolic Syndrome/blood
• Metabolic Syndrome/complications
• Metabolic Syndrome/diet therapy
• Metabolic Syndrome/pathology
• Middle Aged
• Overweight/complications

• I01 CX000147 CSRD VA
• P30 AG028747 NIA NIH HHS
• P30 DK072488 NIDDK NIH HHS
• T35 DK095737 NIDDK NIH HHS

• high-fat diet
• insulin sensitivity
• intramyocellular lipid

• Adult
• DNA Copy Number Variations/drug effects
• DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
• Diet, High-Fat
• Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
• Gene Expression Profiling
• Humans
• Insulin Resistance/genetics
• Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
• Lipid Metabolism/genetics
• Male
• Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
• Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
• Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
• Young Adult