• Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM
• Comparative genomics
• Genome
• Pan genome
• Probiotic
• Single nucleotide polymorphism
• Strain variation

• International Flavors & Fragrances
• NC Ag Foundation

• Lactobacillus
• Streptococcus
• dentistry
• oral care
• prebiotic
• probiotic

• collagen
• cytokines
• human dermal fibroblast
• matrix metalloproteinase
• postbiotic
• probiotic
• skin aging

• Bifidobacteria longum subsp. longum
• Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis
• amino acids utilization and synthesis
• cell membrane fatty acid profile
• cell surface hydrophobicity
• metabolite production
• probiotic bacteria
• robustness
• stability
• transcriptomic

• DNA repair system
• SOS response
• acid stress
• bifidobacterium
• bile stress
• heat stress
• osmotic stress
• oxidative stress
• protein quality control

• Humans
• Animals
• Bifidobacterium
• Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
• Probiotics

• Innovationsfonden (IFD)

• CRISPR-Cas
• bifidobacterium
• epigenomics
• genomics
• probiotics

Optimal gut motility is central to bowel function and gut health. The link between the gut dysmotility related disorders and dysfunctional-intestinal barriers has led to a hypothesis that certain probiotics could help in normalizing gut motility and maintain gut health. This review investigates the roles of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019 (B. lactis HN019™) on gut health, and its mechanisms of action in various pre-clinical and clinical studies. Research supports the hypothesis that B. lactis HN019™ has a beneficial role in maintaining intestinal barrier function during gastrointestinal infections by competing and excluding potential pathogens via different mechanisms; maintaining normal tight junction function in vitro; and regulating host immune defense toward pathogens in both in vitro and human studies. This has been observed to lead to reduced incidence of diarrhea. Interestingly, B. lactis HN019™ also supports normal physiological function in immunosenescent elderly and competes and excludes potential pathogens. Furthermore, B. lactis HN019™ reduced intestinal transit time and increased bowel movement frequency in functional constipation, potentially by modulating gut–brain–microbiota axis, mainly via serotonin signaling pathway, through short chain fatty acids derived from microbial fermentation. B. lactis HN019™ is thus a probiotic that can contribute to relieving gut dysmotility related disorders.

• Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019
• bowel function
• diarrhea
• gut motility
• gut–brain
• intestinal barrier
• probiotic

β-Galactosidase plays an important role in medicine and dairy industry. In this study, a new glycoside hydrolase family 42 (GH42) β-galactosidase-encoding gene, gal42, was cloned from a newly isolated marine bacterium Bacillus sp. BY02 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Structural characterization indicated that the encoding β-galactosidase, Gal42, is a homotrimer in solution, and homology modeling indicated that it retains the zinc binding sites of the Cys cluster. The reaction activity of Gal42 was significantly increased by Zn²⁺ (229.6%) and other divalent metal ions (Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Co²⁺), while its activity was inhibited by EDTA (53.9%). Meanwhile, the thermo-stability of the Gal42 was also significantly enhanced by 5 and 10 mM of zinc ion supplement, which suggested that the “Cys-Zn” motif played important roles in both structural stability and catalytic function. Furthermore, Gal42 showed effective lactose hydrolysis activity, which makes the enzyme hydrolyze the lactose in milk effectively. These properties make Gal42 a potential candidate in food technology.

• Bacillus sp. BY02
• glycoside hydrolase family 42
• lactose hydrolysis
• zinc ion
• β-galactosidase

• Bifidobacterium longum
• Health benefits
• Probiotic marker genes
• Whole-genome sequencing

• Bifidobacteria
• infant gut microbiota
• β-galactosidases

This research improved the growth potential of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis strain JNU306, a commercial medium that is appropriate for large-scale production, in yeast extract, soy peptone, glucose, L-cysteine, and ferrous sulfate. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the components of this medium, using a central composite design and subsequent analyses. A second-order polynomial regression model, which was fitted to the data at first, significantly lacked fitness. Thus, through further analyses, the model with linear and quadratic terms plus two-way, three-way, and four-way interactions was selected as the final model. Through this model, the optimized medium composition was found as 2.8791% yeast extract, 2.8030% peptone soy, 0.6196% glucose, 0.2823% L-cysteine, and 0.0055% ferrous sulfate, w/v. This optimized medium ensured that the maximum biomass was no lower than the biomass from the commonly used blood-liver (BL) medium. The application of RSM improved the biomass production of this strain in a more cost-effective way by creating an optimum medium. This result shows that B. animalis subsp lactis JNU306 may be used as a commercial starter culture in manufacturing probiotics, including dairy products.

• Bifidobacterium animalis
• Medium
• Optimization
• Response surface methodology (RSM)
• Yeast extract - Soy Peptone - Glucose (YPG)

• Acid stress
• Bifidobacteria
• Carbohydrates
• Commensal
• Glycans
• Intestine
• Metabolism

• Acids/metabolism
• Bacterial Proteins/genetics
• Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
• Bifidobacterium/genetics
• Bifidobacterium/growth & development
• Bifidobacterium/metabolism
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology
• Genome, Bacterial
• Glucose/metabolism
• Humans
• Symbiosis

• P30 DK123704 NIDDK NIH HHS
• F32 AI136404 NIAID NIH HHS
• K01 DK123195 NIDDK NIH HHS
• P20 GM130457 NIGMS NIH HHS
• U01 AI124290 NIAID NIH HHS
• R01 AI123278 NIAID NIH HHS

• Bifidobacterium
• Cross-feeding
• Oligosaccharides

• cascade biocatalysis
• cello-oligosaccharides
• dietary fibers and prebiotics
• functional carbohydrates
• glycoside phosphorylases
• process intensification
• sucrose

• Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
• Bifidobacterium/enzymology
• Bifidobacterium/growth & development
• Bifidobacterium/metabolism
• Lactobacillus/enzymology
• Lactobacillus/growth & development
• Lactobacillus/metabolism
• Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/enzymology
• Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/growth & development
• Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/metabolism
• Oligosaccharides/chemistry
• Oligosaccharides/metabolism
• Phosphorylases/metabolism
• Prebiotics/analysis
• Probiotics/metabolism
• Sucrose/metabolism

• bifidobacteria
• ecological fitness
• genetic adaptation
• human health
• natural inhabitants
• physiological properties

• Bifidobacterium/physiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
• Humans
• Probiotics
• Symbiosis

Bifidobacterium species are well recognized as probiotics and colonized in various parts of the human body. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of Bifidobacterium animalis isolated from two healthy Japanese volunteers, one of which was sampled twice before and after a 10-year interval. A core genome phylogeny analysis indicated that the strains isolated from the same volunteer were closely related. This paper is the first report of multiple draft genome sequences of B. animalis independently isolated from the same individual and provides insight into the probiotic potential of a member of this species.

• Bifidobacterium animalis
• Intestinal Microbiota
• Whole-Genome Sequencing

• Bacterial Proteins/analysis
• Bacterial Proteins/isolation & purification
• DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
• DNA, Bacterial/genetics
• DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
• High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
• Metagenomics/methods
• Microbial Viability
• Microbiological Techniques/methods
• Probiotics/analysis
• Proteomics/methods
• Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
• Technology, Pharmaceutical/standards
• Urease/analysis
• beta-Galactosidase/analysis

Lactobacillus brevis CD0817, a strain isolated from a healthy adult gut, was currently the most efficient lactic acid bacterial cell factory for gamma-aminobutyric acid. In this study, the complete genome sequence of CD0817 was determined and compared with some related L. brevis genomes. The CD0817 genome consists of one 2,990,570-bp chromosome and four plasmids. The comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. brevis CD0817 was not very conserved with low GABA-producing L. brevis strains. A significant divergence was that CD0817 harbors only the gadCA operon whereas the low GABA-producing L. brevis strains contain the operon and gadB. The gadB seemed to only marginally contribute to the accumulation of GABA. The high GABA production ability of CD0817 may be associated with its extraordinary genome.

• Comparative genomics analysis
• Complete genome sequence
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid
• Glutamic acid decarboxylase
• Lactobacillus brevis CD0817

• Bifidobacterium moukalabense
• genomic characteristics
• wild chimpanzees
• wild forest elephants
• wild gorillas

• Bifidobacterium
• bifidobacteria
• pangenome
• phylogeny
• probiotic

• Bifidobacterium
• Lactobacillus
• manufacturing
• probiotics
• strain stability

Recent studies on celiac disease (CeD) have reported alterations in the gut microbiome. Whether this alteration in the microbial community is the cause or effect of the disease is not well understood, especially in adult onset of disease. The first-degree relatives (FDRs) of CeD patients may provide an opportunity to study gut microbiome in pre-disease state as FDRs are genetically susceptible to CeD. By using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we observed that ecosystem level diversity measures were not significantly different between the disease condition (CeD), pre-disease (FDR) and control subjects. However, differences were observed at the level of amplicon sequence variant (ASV), suggesting alterations in specific ASVs between pre-disease and diseased condition. Duodenal biopsies showed higher differences in ASVs compared to fecal samples indicating larger disruption of the microbiota at the disease site. The duodenal microbiota of FDR was characterized by significant abundance of ASVs belonging to Parvimonas, Granulicatella, Gemella, Bifidobacterium, Anaerostipes, and Actinomyces genera. The duodenal microbiota of CeD was characterized by higher abundance of ASVs from genera Megasphaera and Helicobacter compared to the FDR microbiota. The CeD and FDR fecal microbiota had reduced abundance of ASVs classified as Akkermansia and Dorea when compared to control group microbiota. In addition, predicted functional metagenome showed reduced ability of gluten degradation by CeD fecal microbiota in comparison to FDRs and controls. The findings of the present study demonstrate differences in ASVs and predicts reduced ability of CeD fecal microbiota to degrade gluten compared to the FDR fecal microbiota. Further research is required to investigate the strain level and active functional profiles of FDR and CeD microbiota to better understand the role of gut microbiome in pathophysiology of CeD.

• H. pylori
• butyrate
• celiac
• duodenal microbiota
• gluten
• gut microbiota

• CRISPR
• Listeria monocytogenes
• food safety
• persistence

Three novel dehydrated wheat/rice cereal functional products with an addition of well documented probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® (BB-12®) were developed in Podravka factory for the infants older than 4 months: instant rice cereal, instant rice cereal with fruits and instant wheat cereal with vanilla. Notably, the number of viable BB-12® cells in each of the novel products was higher than the required minimal number of probiotic cells per gram of product (10⁶ CFU/g) during the storage period of 106 weeks. Therefore, BB-12® strain recovery and genome stability were evaluated by strain-specific polimerase chain reaction and amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting analysis. Further aim was to evaluate the influence of these three different cereal food matrices on specific probiotic properties of BB-12® strain in vitro. Applied food matrices positively influenced the survival in the simulated conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and antagonistic activity against undesirable microorganisms, while no influence on auto- and coaggregation ability of B. animalis ssp. lactis BB-12® was observed. Adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells together with antibacterial activity emphasized competitive pathogen exclusion from Caco-2 cells by probiotic strain BB-12®.

• Bifidobacterium
• dehydrated wheat/rice cereal products
• probiotics

• ATP luminescence
• Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis
• RNA sequencing
• antibiotic resistance
• droplet digital PCR
• genomics
• tetracycline

• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Bacterial Proteins/genetics
• Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
• Bifidobacterium animalis/drug effects
• Bifidobacterium animalis/genetics
• Bifidobacterium animalis/metabolism
• Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/drug effects
• Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects
• Genome, Bacterial/drug effects
• Tetracycline/pharmacology
• Tetracycline Resistance
• Transcription, Genetic/drug effects

• DuPont

• Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04
• Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM
• chip-based digital PCR
• enumeration
• plate count
• probiotic
• propidium monoazide

Several probiotic-marketed formulations available for the consumers contain live lactic acid bacteria and/or bifidobacteria. The multispecies product commercialized as VSL#3 has been used for treating various gastro-intestinal disorders. However, like many other products, the bacterial strains present in VSL#3 have only been characterized to a limited extent and their efficacy as well as their predicted mode of action remain unclear, preventing further applications or comparative studies. In this work, the genomes of all eight bacterial strains present in VSL#3 were sequenced and characterized, to advance insights into the possible mode of action of this product and also to serve as a basis for future work and trials. Phylogenetic and genomic data analysis allowed us to identify the 7 species present in the VSL#3 product as specified by the manufacturer. The 8 strains present belong to the species Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus helveticus, Bifidobacterium breve and B. animalis subsp. lactis (two distinct strains). Comparative genomics revealed that the draft genomes of the S. thermophilus and L. helveticus strains were predicted to encode most of the defence systems such as restriction modification and CRISPR-Cas systems. Genes associated with a variety of potential probiotic functions were also identified. Thus, in the three Bifidobacterium spp., gene clusters were predicted to encode tight adherence pili, known to promote bacteria-host interaction and intestinal barrier integrity, and to impact host cell development. Various repertoires of putative signalling proteins were predicted to be encoded by the genomes of the Lactobacillus spp., i.e. surface layer proteins, LPXTG-containing proteins, or sortase-dependent pili that may interact with the intestinal mucosa and dendritic cells. Taken altogether, the individual genomic characterization of the strains present in the VSL#3 product confirmed the product specifications, determined its coding capacity as well as identified potential probiotic functions.

• Bacterial Adhesion
• Bifidobacterium/classification
• Bifidobacterium/genetics
• CRISPR-Cas Systems
• Genome, Bacterial
• Genomics
• Humans
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• Lactobacillus/classification
• Lactobacillus/genetics
• Lactobacillus acidophilus/classification
• Lactobacillus acidophilus/genetics
• Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/classification
• Lacticaseibacillus paracasei/genetics
• Lactobacillus plantarum/classification
• Lactobacillus plantarum/genetics
• Microbial Sensitivity Tests
• Phylogeny
• Probiotics/classification

• SIAM Gravitation Grant
• Actial Farmaceutical SRL, Rome, Italy
• Spinoza Award
• University of Helsinki

• CAZyme
• beta-galactosidase
• bifidobacterium
• carbohydrate metabolism
• crystallography
• enzyme structure
• glycobiology
• glycoside hydrolase
• microbiota

• Bifidobacterium animalis
• probiotic starter
• soymilk
• whole genome sequence

Recent advances in microbiome research have brought renewed focus on beneficial bacteria, many of which are available in food and dietary supplements. Although probiotics have historically been defined as microorganisms that convey health benefits when ingested in sufficient viable amounts, this description now includes the stipulation “well defined strains,” encompassing definitive taxonomy for consumer consideration and regulatory oversight. Here, we evaluated 52 commercial dietary supplements covering a range of labeled species using plate counting and targeted genotyping. Strain identities were assessed using methods recently published by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention. We also determined the relative abundance of individual bacteria by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of the 16S rRNA sequence using paired-end 2 × 250 bp Illumina MiSeq technology. Using these methods, we tested the hypothesis that products do contain the quantitative and qualitative list of labeled microbial species. We found that 17 samples (33%) were below label claim for CFU prior to their expiration dates. A multiplexed-PCR scheme showed that only 30/52 (58%) of the products contained a correctly labeled classification, with issues encompassing incorrect taxonomy, missing species, and un-labeled species. The HTS revealed that many blended products consisted predominantly of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. These results highlight the need for reliable methods to determine the correct taxonomy and quantify the relative amounts of mixed microbial populations in commercial probiotic products.

• Bifidobacterium
• Lactobacillus
• high-throughput nucleotide sequencing
• labeling
• multiplex PCR
• probiotics
• taxonomy
• testing and assessment

• Gut microbiota
• Orthologous genes
• Phylogenetic tree
• Probiotics

Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are among the first microbes to colonize the human gastrointestinal tract and are believed to exert positive health benefits on their host. Due to their purported health-promoting properties, bifidobacteria have been incorporated into many functional foods as active ingredients. Bifidobacteria naturally occur in a range of ecological niches that are either directly or indirectly connected to the animal gastrointestinal tract, such as the human oral cavity, the insect gut and sewage. To be able to survive in these particular ecological niches, bifidobacteria must possess specific adaptations to be competitive. Determination of genome sequences has revealed genetic attributes that may explain bifidobacterial ecological fitness, such as metabolic abilities, evasion of the host adaptive immune system and colonization of the host through specific appendages. However, genetic modification is crucial toward fully elucidating the mechanisms by which bifidobacteria exert their adaptive abilities and beneficial properties. In this review we provide an up to date summary of the general features of bifidobacteria, whilst paying particular attention to the metabolic abilities of this species. We also describe methods that have allowed successful genetic manipulation of bifidobacteria.

• Bifidobacterium
• carbohydrate metabolism
• genetic modification
• microbe-host interaction
• probiotics

• CRISPR
• cas
• epidemiology
• typing

β-Mannans are abundant and diverse plant structural and storage polysaccharides. Certain human gut microbiota members including health-promoting Bifidobacterium spp. catabolize dietary mannans. Little insight is available on the enzymology of mannan deconstruction in the gut ecological niche. Here, we report the biochemical properties of the first family 5 subfamily 8 glycoside hydrolase (GH5_8) mannanase from the probiotic bacterium Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 (BlMan5_8).

BlMan5_8 possesses a novel low affinity carbohydrate binding module (CBM) specific for soluble mannan and displays the highest catalytic efficiency reported to date for a GH5 mannanase owing to a very high k_cat (1828 ± 87 s^-1) and a low K_m (1.58 ± 0.23 g · L^-1) using locust bean galactomannan as substrate. The novel CBM of BlMan5_8 mediates increased binding to soluble mannan based on affinity electrophoresis. Surface plasmon resonance analysis confirmed the binding of the CBM10 to manno-oligosaccharides, albeit with slightly lower affinity than the catalytic module of the enzyme. This is the first example of a low-affinity mannan-specific CBM, which forms a subfamily of CBM10 together with close homologs present only in mannanases. Members of this new subfamily lack an aromatic residue mediating binding to insoluble cellulose in canonical CBM10 members consistent with the observed low mannan affinity.

BlMan5_8 is evolved for efficient deconstruction of soluble mannans, which is reflected by an exceptionally low K_m and the presence of an atypical low affinity CBM, which increases binding to specifically to soluble mannan while causing minimal decrease in catalytic efficiency as opposed to enzymes with canonical mannan binding modules. These features highlight fine tuning of catalytic and binding properties to support specialization towards a preferred substrate, which is likely to confer an advantage in the adaptation to competitive ecological niches.

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12858-015-0055-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Bacterial adaptive immunity hinges on CRISPR-Cas systems that provide DNA-encoded, RNA-mediated targeting of exogenous nucleic acids. A plethora of CRISPR molecular machines occur broadly in prokaryotic genomes, with a diversity of Cas nucleases that can be repurposed for various applications.

• Bifidobacterium longum
• Oxidative stress
• Probiotics

• LuxS
• metagenome
• metatranscriptome
• quorum sensing
• rumen microbiota

CRISPR-Cas systems constitute adaptive immune systems for antiviral defense in bacteria. We investigated the occurrence and diversity of CRISPR-Cas systems in 48 Bifidobacterium genomes to gain insights into the diversity and co-evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems within the genus and investigate CRISPR spacer content. We identified the elements necessary for the successful targeting and inference of foreign DNA in select Type II CRISPR-Cas systems, including the tracrRNA and target PAM sequence. Bifidobacterium species have a very high frequency of CRISPR-Cas occurrence (77%, 37 of 48). We found that many Bifidobacterium species have unusually large and diverse CRISPR-Cas systems that contain spacer sequences showing homology to foreign genetic elements like prophages. A large number of CRISPR spacers in bifidobacteria show perfect homology to prophage sequences harbored in the chromosomes of other species of Bifidobacterium, including some spacers that self-target the chromosome. A correlation was observed between strains that lacked CRISPR-Cas systems and the number of times prophages in that chromosome were targeted by other CRISPR spacers. The presence of prophage-targeting CRISPR spacers and prophage content may shed light on evolutionary processes and strain divergence. Finally, elements of Type II CRISPR-Cas systems, including the tracrRNA and crRNAs, set the stage for the development of genome editing and genetic engineering tools.

• Bifidobacterium/genetics
• CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
• Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics
• Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/genetics
• DNA/genetics
• Evolution, Molecular
• Genetic Variation/genetics
• Genome, Bacterial/genetics
• Prophages/genetics

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505 (B. lactis GCL2505) is able to survive passage through the intestines and proliferate. The daily dynamics of the intestinal bifidobacteria following ingestion of probiotics are not yet clear. Moreover, the effects of long-term ingestion of probiotics on the intestinal microbiota have not been well studied. Two experiments were performed in the present study. In Experiment 1, 53 healthy female volunteers received B. lactis GCL2505; B. bifidum GCL2080, which can survive but not proliferate in the intestine; or yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus for 2 weeks, and the daily dynamics of intestinal bifidobacteria were investigated. The number of fecal bifidobacteria significantly increased on day 1, and this was maintained until day 14 in the B. lactis GCL2505 ingestion group. However, no significant change in the number of fecal bifidobacteria was observed in the other groups throughout the ingestion period. In Experiment 2, 38 constipated volunteers received either B. lactis GCL2505 or a placebo for 8 weeks. Both the number of fecal bifidobacteria and the frequency of defecation significantly increased throughout the ingestion period in the B. lactis GCL2505 ingestion group. These results suggested that the proliferation of ingested bifidobacteria within the intestine contributed to a rapid increase in the amount of intestinal bifidobacteria and subsequent maintenance of these levels. Moreover, B. lactis GCL2505 improved the intestinal microbiota more effectively than non-proliferating bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria.

• Bifidobacterium
• Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis GCL2505
• dynamics
• intestinal microbiota
• probiotics
• proliferation

The bacterial pangenome was introduced in 2005 and, in recent years, has been the subject of many studies. Thanks to progress in next-generation sequencing methods, the pangenome can be divided into two parts, the core (common to the studied strains) and the accessory genome, offering a large panel of uses. In this review, we have presented the analysis methods, the pangenome composition and its application as a study of lifestyle. We have also shown that the pangenome may be used as a new tool for redefining the pathogenic species. We applied this to the Escherichia coli and Shigella species, which have been a subject of controversy regarding their taxonomic and pathogenic position.

•

Pangenome is a new way of studying pathogenic bacteria.

• Bacteria
• bioinformatics tools
• comparative genomics
• pangenome
• pathogenic species

• comparative genomics
• pan-genome
• quantitative PCR

• Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
• Bifidobacterium/genetics
• Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
• Genome, Bacterial
• Humans
• RNA, Bacterial
• Transcriptome

• systematic reviews
• meta-analysis
• probiotics
• efsa
• regulatory
• health claims

• Humans
• European Union
• Evidence-Based Medicine/methods
• Food
• Meta-Analysis as Topic
• Nutrition Policy/legislation & jurisprudence
• Probiotics
• Systematic Reviews as Topic