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Shang J, Liu L, Yang S, Duan B, Xie S, Meng X. A New Combination of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactococcus lactis Strains with Synergistic Effects Alleviates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer. Foods 2024; 13:3054. [PMID: 39410090 PMCID: PMC11475813 DOI: 10.3390/foods13193054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a factor in the development of cancer, and probiotics play a role in preventing or treating inflammation as an adjuvant therapy. To investigate potential probiotics for the prevention of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), Bifidobacterium bifidum H3-R2 and Lactococcus lactis KLDS4.0325 were used to examine the effects on colon cancer cells and in an inflammation-related cancer animal model. The results revealed that B. bifidum H3-R2 in combination with L. lactis KLDS4.0325 caused apoptosis in colon cancer cells by increasing caspase-3 and caspase-9 protein levels, enhancing Bax expression, and lowering Bcl-2 expression. In addition, the combination of the two strains relieved the tissue damage; reduced proinflammatory cytokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) level; upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines; increased colonic tight junction protein expression; regulated intestinal homeostasis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway; and improved the imbalance of gut microbiota in animal models. Moreover, the combination of the two strains had a greater preventive impact than each strain alone. These findings are supportive of clinical studies and product development of multi-strain probiotic preparations for diseases associated with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacui Shang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.S.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (B.D.); (S.X.)
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.S.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (B.D.); (S.X.)
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.S.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (B.D.); (S.X.)
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bofan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.S.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (B.D.); (S.X.)
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuiqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.S.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (B.D.); (S.X.)
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiangchen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (J.S.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (B.D.); (S.X.)
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Wampers A, Huysentruyt K, Vandenplas Y. An update on the use of 'biotics' in pediatric infectious gastroenteritis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:1483-1496. [PMID: 39091043 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2387672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is the consequence of a disturbed gastro-intestinal microbiome. Certain probiotic strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745, Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) DSM 17,938, the combination of L. rhamnosus 19070-2 and L. reuteri DSM 12,246) reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea. AREAS COVERED Relevant literature was sourced from PubMed and CINAHL. Important reviews until 2021 were summarized in tables. New evidence for pro-, pre-, syn- and postbiotics in AGE was searched for. Postbiotics offer advantages regarding product stability and show accumulating evidence. Heterogeneity in studies regarding the in- and exclusion criteria, primary and secondary endpoints, type, dose, timing and duration of biotic administration limits the evidence. EXPERT OPINION Development of a core outcome set for children with AGE would be beneficial, as its application would increase the homogeneity of the available evidence. The vast majority of the 'biotics' is registered as food supplement. Regulations for food supplements prioritize safety over efficacy, making them considerably more tolerant compared to the regulation for registration as medication. We recommend that at least one randomized controlled trial is published with the commercialized product before marketing the product, despite the fact that legislation regarding food supplements requires only safety data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Wampers
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Huysentruyt
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Brussels, Belgium
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Chen K, Jin S, Ma Y, Cai L, Xu P, Nie Y, Luo L, Yu Q, Shen Y, Zhou Z, Liu C. Adjudicative efficacy of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80 in treating acute diarrhea in children: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:501-508. [PMID: 38467857 PMCID: PMC11182741 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-024-01428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80, as an adjunct treatment for diarrhea in children with a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study design. Eligible diarrheal children, aged 0-3 years without the need for antibiotic treatment based on clinical diagnosis when recruited, were randomized into the intervention group (IG, n = 58, with probiotic) or the control group (CG, n = 53, placebo). The primary assessment was the duration of diarrhea. Fecal samples were collected for biochemical index measurement, analysis of gut microbiome composition, and prediction of gene family abundances. The total duration of diarrhea in the IG (122.6 ± 13.1 h) was significantly shorter than in the CG (148.4 ± 17.6 h, p < 0.001). More children in the IG showed improvements in diarrhea compared to the CG, both in intention-to-treat analysis (81.7% vs. 40.0%, p < 0.001) and per protocol analysis (84.4% vs 45.3%, p < 0.001). Cathelicidin level in the IG was significantly higher than that in the CG after the intervention (4415.00 ± 1036.93 pg/g vs. 3679.49 ± 871.18 pg/g, p = 0.0175). The intervention led to an increased abundance of Bifidobacterium breve and Collinsella aerofaciens species, higher alpha-diversity (p < 0.05), and enrichment of functional genes in the gut microbiota related to immunity regulation. Administration of BLa80 at a dose of 5 × 109 CFU/day resulted in a shorter duration of diarrhea and alterations in gut microbiome composition and gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Dayi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Limei Cai
- Department of Neonatology, Qingbaijiang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Qingbaijiang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Nie
- Department of Child Health Care, Chongzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dayi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and Metabolism, Diprobio (Shanghai) Co., Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Immunology and Metabolism, Diprobio (Shanghai) Co., Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengyuan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ayed L, M’hir S, Nuzzolese D, Di Cagno R, Filannino P. Harnessing the Health and Techno-Functional Potential of Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2024; 13:1538. [PMID: 38790838 PMCID: PMC11120132 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the techno-functional properties of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) in the food industry, focusing on their potential health benefits. We discuss current findings related to the techno-functionality of LAB, which includes acidification, proteolytic and lipolytic features, and a variety of other biochemical activities. These activities include the production of antimicrobial compounds and the synthesis of exopolysaccharides that improve food safety and consumer sensory experience. LABs are also known for their antioxidant abilities, which help reduce oxidative reactions in foods and improve their functional properties. In addition, LABs' role as probiotics is known for their promising effects on gut health, immune system modulation, cholesterol control, and general wellbeing. Despite these advantages, several challenges hinder the effective production and use of probiotic LABs, such as maintaining strain viability during storage and transport as well as ensuring their efficacy in the gastrointestinal tract. Our review identifies these critical barriers and suggests avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Ayed
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LETMI), LR05ES08, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT), University of Carthage, BP 676, Tunis 1080, Tunisia;
| | - Sana M’hir
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LETMI), LR05ES08, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (INSAT), University of Carthage, BP 676, Tunis 1080, Tunisia;
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, BP 382, Beja 9000, Tunisia
| | - Domenico Nuzzolese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.N.); (P.F.)
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Libera Università di Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Filannino
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (D.N.); (P.F.)
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Martins E, Nascimento da Silva L, Carmo M. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in childhood diarrhea. Braz J Med Biol Res 2024; 57:e13205. [PMID: 38656071 PMCID: PMC11027179 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2024e13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality attributed to infections in children under five years of age worldwide, with 1.7 million annual estimated cases and more than 500,000 deaths. Although hydroelectrolytic replacement is the gold standard in treating diarrhea, it does not interfere with the restoration of the intestinal microbiota. Several studies have searched for an adequate alternative in restructuring intestinal homeostasis, finding that treatments based on probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are effective, which made such treatments increasingly present in clinical practice by reducing illness duration with minimal side effects. However, there are still controversies regarding some unwanted reactions in patients. The diversity of strains and the peculiarities of the pathogens that cause diarrhea require further studies to develop effective protocols for prevention and treatment. Here, we provide a descriptive review of childhood diarrhea, emphasizing treatment with probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M.S. Martins
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | | | - M.S. Carmo
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Centro Universitário Dom Bosco, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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Alnezary FS, Alamri AR, Alrehaili RD, Alnizari DS, Alzahrani F, Mahmoud M, Almutairi MS, Kurdi A, Godman B. Managing infectious diarrhea among young children in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia and the implications for AMR. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1342493. [PMID: 38562134 PMCID: PMC10982503 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1342493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diarrhea remains a major global health issue for children under five, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality. Community pharmacists play a pivotal role in the management of these children; however, their competence in managing childhood diarrhea in Saudi Arabia is under-researched. This is important to ensure optimal patient care. Method Simulated patients (SPs) presenting with three pediatric diarrhea scenarios were used to evaluate pharmacists' practice in terms of their counselling, history taking, over-the-counter (OTC) prescribing, medication instructions, diet/fluid advice, and/or information provision. Pharmacists' practice was categorized into adequate, less adequate, and poor. Results 182 community pharmacists, primarily male and non-Saudi, participated in the study, of which 60% were in chain pharmacies. Only 5% showed adequate practice in currently managing pediatric diarrhea. Of the 182 simulated patient visits, 62% received medication in all three scenarios and 20% were referred to physicians, with 16% of pharmacists failing to provide any form of intervention. The main medications recommended were kaolin (34%), pectin (34%) and metronidazole (11%). While most pharmacists (86%) asked about the patient's identity and age, 15% provided incorrect management information, 16% failed to provide guidance on the prescribed medicines, and 18% dispensed antimicrobials without a valid prescription. Conclusion A high level of inadequate management of pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia was observed. This highlights the need for extensive training to improve community pharmacists' practice in service delivery including providing counselling and advice on the appropriate management of childhood diarrhea. The latter is particularly important to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris S. Alnezary
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira R. Alamri
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafa D. Alrehaili
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina S. Alnizari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masaad S. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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7
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Corsello A, Scatigno L, Fiore G, Baresi S, Eletti F, Zuccotti G, Strisciuglio C, Dilillo D, Verduci E. Nutraceuticals and biotics in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:87-98. [PMID: 37875612 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been growing interest in the use of nutraceuticals and biotics in both pediatric and adult clinical practice. The overlapping and often ambiguous symptoms of both functional and organic gastrointestinal disorders have led to a search for alternative therapeutic approaches that avoid the use of synthetic or chemical treatments. However, while nutraceuticals and natural supplements are widely used, their health benefits are often not supported by adequate scientific evidence, and an unregulated use of nutraceuticals can be potentially harmful. The correct use of nutraceuticals, prebiotics, and probiotics can optimize the results of drug therapy in some cases and reduce the risk of side effects. This review aims to provide clinicians with guidance on the use of complementary therapies for pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, highlighting the scarcity of studies on the kinetics and dynamics of nutraceuticals and biotics. While it is generally difficult to associate their intakes with adverse events due to the often-coexisting pharmacological treatments, it is essential to avoid the abandonment of traditional drugs with proven efficacy in the treatment of single diseases. Overall, the use of nutraceuticals, prebiotics, and probiotics in pediatric gastroenterological practice requires caution and medical supervision. Further research is needed to determine the effects of alternative therapies on pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, and to ensure their safe and effective use in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corsello
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Scatigno
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Baresi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Eletti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Strisciuglio
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Dario Dilillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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8
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Wang Q, Fan X, Wu S, Su X. PM-CNN: microbiome status recognition and disease detection model based on phylogeny and multi-path neural network. BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES 2024; 4:vbae013. [PMID: 38371919 PMCID: PMC10873578 DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Motivation The human microbiome, found throughout various body parts, plays a crucial role in health dynamics and disease development. Recent research has highlighted microbiome disparities between patients with different diseases and healthy individuals, suggesting the microbiome's potential in recognizing health states. Traditionally, microbiome-based status classification relies on pre-trained machine learning (ML) models. However, most ML methods overlook microbial relationships, limiting model performance. Results To address this gap, we propose PM-CNN (Phylogenetic Multi-path Convolutional Neural Network), a novel phylogeny-based neural network model for multi-status classification and disease detection using microbiome data. PM-CNN organizes microbes based on their phylogenetic relationships and extracts features using a multi-path convolutional neural network. An ensemble learning method then fuses these features to make accurate classification decisions. We applied PM-CNN to human microbiome data for status and disease detection, demonstrating its significant superiority over existing ML models. These results provide a robust foundation for microbiome-based state recognition and disease prediction in future research and applications. Availability and implementation PM-CNN software is available at https://github.com/qdu-bioinfo/PM_CNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoqian Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang 262700, China
| | - Shunyao Wu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoquan Su
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Sah RK, Nandan A, Kv A, S P, S S, Jose A, Venkidasamy B, Nile SH. Decoding the role of the gut microbiome in gut-brain axis, stress-resilience, or stress-susceptibility: A review. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 91:103861. [PMID: 38134565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Increased exposure to stress is associated with stress-related disorders, including depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative conditions. However, susceptibility to stress is not seen in every individual exposed to stress, and many of them exhibit resilience. Thus, developing resilience to stress could be a big breakthrough in stress-related disorders, with the potential to replace or act as an alternative to the available therapies. In this article, we have focused on the recent advancements in gut microbiome research and the potential role of the gut-brain axis (GBA) in developing resilience or susceptibility to stress. There might be a complex interaction between the autonomic nervous system (ANS), immune system, endocrine system, microbial metabolites, and bioactive lipids like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neurotransmitters, and their metabolites that regulates the communication between the gut microbiota and the brain. High fiber intake, prebiotics, probiotics, plant supplements, and fecal microbiome transplant (FMT) could be beneficial against gut dysbiosis-associated brain disorders. These could promote the growth of SCFA-producing bacteria, thereby enhancing the gut barrier and reducing the gut inflammatory response, increase the expression of the claudin-2 protein associated with the gut barrier, and maintain the blood-brain barrier integrity by promoting the expression of tight junction proteins such as claudin-5. Their neuroprotective effects might also be related to enhancing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1). Further investigations are needed in the field of the gut microbiome for the elucidation of the mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis contributes to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Kumar Sah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Amritasree Nandan
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Athira Kv
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, Kerala, India.
| | - Prashant S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Sathianarayanan S
- NITTE (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mangalore, India
| | - Asha Jose
- JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and research, Ooty 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
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Poeta M, Del Bene M, Lo Vecchio A, Guarino A. Acute Infectious Diarrhea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1449:143-156. [PMID: 39060736 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58572-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Acute infectious diarrhea (AID) is one of the most common diseases in pediatric age with relevant burden both in high and in low-income countries. Thanks to their direct action on enterocyte functions and indirect actions on the mucosal and systemic immune system and on intestinal microbiome, probiotics are an ideal intervention to treat AID in childhood. However, their efficacy is strictly related to strains and indications, and practitioners should take this information into account in clinical practice. This chapter summarizes the main mechanisms of action of probiotics in AID, with a focus on proof of efficacy supporting their use in prevention and treatment of childhood AID. The use of selected strains in appropriate doses is strongly recommended by guidelines of AID, based on compelling proofs of efficacy and safety. At present, therapy with probiotics of AID is probably the strongest indication for probiotic use in medicine. Their role in prevention of AID is however questionable in healthy population, whereas it should be considered in at-risk population. Evidence for prevention of diarrhea in day-care centers and communities is lacking, but consistent evidence supports efficacy in prevention of hospital acquired diarrhea. Finally, this chapter presents novelties on this topic, in particular the role of rotavirus immunization on probiotics effectiveness and the effect of probiotics and postbiotics on Covid-associated diarrhea.Overall: AID is the most convincing area for probiotic use in children with gastrointestinal disorders, and effective strains should be used early on after onset of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Poeta
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Del Bene
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Han Y, Srinivasan S, Yun CC. Inhibition of protein kinase C-α and activation of ezrin by Lactobacillus acidophilus restore Na +/H + exchange activity and fluid absorption in db/db mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E214-E226. [PMID: 37467022 PMCID: PMC10511175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00145.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) complications, including diarrhea, constipation, and gastroparesis, are common in patients with diabetes. Dysregulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 in the intestine is linked to diarrhea and constipation, and recent studies showed that NHE3 expression is reduced in type 1 diabetes and metformin causes diarrhea in the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes (T2D) via inhibition of NHE3. In this study, we investigated whether NHE3 expression is altered in type 2 diabetic intestine and the underlying mechanism that dysregulates NHE3. NHE3 expression in the brush border membrane (BBM) of the intestine of diabetic mice and humans was decreased. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation is associated with pathologies of diabetes, and immunofluorescence (IF) analysis revealed increased BBM PKCα abundance. Inhibition of PKCα increased NHE3 BBM abundance and NHE3-mediated intestinal fluid absorption in db/db mice. Previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) stimulates intestinal ion transporters. LA increased NHE3 BBM expression and mitigated metformin-mediated inhibition of NHE3 in vitro and in vivo. To understand the underlying mechanism of LA-mediated stimulation of NHE3, we used Caco-2bbe cells overexpressing PKCα that mimic the elevated state of PKCα in T2D. LA diminished PKCα BBM expression, increased phosphorylation of ezrin, and the interaction of NHE3 with NHE regulatory factor 2 (NHERF2). In addition, inhibition of PKCι blocked phosphorylation of ezrin and activation of NHE3 by LA. These findings demonstrate that NHE3 is downregulated in T2D, and LA restores NHE3 expression via regulation of PKCα, PKCι, and ezrin.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used mouse models of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and human patient-derived samples to show that Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) expression is decreased in T2D. We show that protein kinase C-α (PKCα) is activated in diabetes and inhibition of PKCα increased NHE3 expression and mitigates diarrhea. We show that Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) stimulates NHE3 via inhibition of PKCα and phosphorylation of ezrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Han
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - C Chris Yun
- Gastroenterology Research, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Graham AS, Ben-Azu B, Tremblay MÈ, Torre P, Senekal M, Laughton B, van der Kouwe A, Jankiewicz M, Kaba M, Holmes MJ. A review of the auditory-gut-brain axis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1183694. [PMID: 37600010 PMCID: PMC10435389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1183694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss places a substantial burden on medical resources across the world and impacts quality of life for those affected. Further, it can occur peripherally and/or centrally. With many possible causes of hearing loss, there is scope for investigating the underlying mechanisms involved. Various signaling pathways connecting gut microbes and the brain (the gut-brain axis) have been identified and well established in a variety of diseases and disorders. However, the role of these pathways in providing links to other parts of the body has not been explored in much depth. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore potential underlying mechanisms that connect the auditory system to the gut-brain axis. Using select keywords in PubMed, and additional hand-searching in google scholar, relevant studies were identified. In this review we summarize the key players in the auditory-gut-brain axis under four subheadings: anatomical, extracellular, immune and dietary. Firstly, we identify important anatomical structures in the auditory-gut-brain axis, particularly highlighting a direct connection provided by the vagus nerve. Leading on from this we discuss several extracellular signaling pathways which might connect the ear, gut and brain. A link is established between inflammatory responses in the ear and gut microbiome-altering interventions, highlighting a contribution of the immune system. Finally, we discuss the contribution of diet to the auditory-gut-brain axis. Based on the reviewed literature, we propose numerous possible key players connecting the auditory system to the gut-brain axis. In the future, a more thorough investigation of these key players in animal models and human research may provide insight and assist in developing effective interventions for treating hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Graham
- Imaging Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Institute for Aging and Lifelong Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Torre
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Marjanne Senekal
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Physiological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barbara Laughton
- Family Clinical Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre van der Kouwe
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcin Jankiewicz
- Imaging Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mamadou Kaba
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martha J. Holmes
- Imaging Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- ImageTech, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada
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13
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Tomkinson S, Triscott C, Schenk E, Foey A. The Potential of Probiotics as Ingestible Adjuvants and Immune Modulators for Antiviral Immunity and Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19. Pathogens 2023; 12:928. [PMID: 37513775 PMCID: PMC10384479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are able to modulate general antiviral responsiveness, including barrier functionality and innate and adaptive immune responses. The COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection, has created a need to control and treat this viral infection and its ensuing immunopathology with a variety of approaches; one such approach may involve the administration of probiotic bacteria. As with most viral infections, its pathological responses are not fully driven by the virus, but are significantly contributed to by the host's immune response to viral infection. The potential adoption of probiotics in the treatment of COVID-19 will have to appreciate the fine line between inducing antiviral immunity without over-provoking immune inflammatory responses resulting in host-derived immunopathological tissue damage. Additionally, the effect exerted on the immune system by SARS-CoV-2 evasion strategies will also have to be considered when developing a robust response to this virus. This review will introduce the immunopathology of COVID-19 and the immunomodulatory effects of probiotic strains, and through their effects on a range of respiratory pathogens (IAV, SARS-CoV, RSV), as well as SARS-CoV-2, will culminate in a focus on how these bacteria can potentially manipulate both infectivity and immune responsiveness via barrier functionality and both innate and adaptive immunity. In conclusion, the harnessing of induction and augmentation of antiviral immunity via probiotics may not only act as an ingestible adjuvant, boosting immune responsiveness to SARS-CoV-2 infection at the level of barrier integrity and innate and adaptive immunity, but also act prophylactically to prevent infection and enhance protection afforded by current vaccine regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tomkinson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Cloe Triscott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Emily Schenk
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Andrew Foey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Chakraborty PS, Daniel R, Navarro FA. Non-pharmacologic approaches to treatment of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1118874. [PMID: 37397151 PMCID: PMC10311071 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1118874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) affect up to 25% of children in the United States. These disorders are more recently known as disorders of "brain-gut" interaction. The diagnosis is based on the ROME IV criteria, and requires the absence of an organic condition to explain the symptoms. Although these disorders are not completely understood, several factors have been involved in the pathophysiology including disordered gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, allergies, anxiety/stress, gastrointestinal infection/inflammation, as well dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. The pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for FAPDs are directed to modifying these pathophysiologic mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the non-pharmacologic interventions used in the treatment of FAPDs including dietary modifications, manipulation of the gut microbiome (neutraceuticals, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplant) and psychological interventions that addresses the "brain" component of the brain-gut axis (cognitive behavioral therapy, hypnotherapy, breathing and relaxation techniques). In a survey conducted at a large academic pediatric gastroenterology center, 96% of patients with functional pain disorders reported using at least 1 complementary and alternative medicine treatment to ameliorate symptoms. The paucity of data supporting most of the therapies discussed in this review underscores the need for large randomized controlled trials to assess their efficacy and superiority compared to other treatments.
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Chen H, Sun R, Wang J, Yao S, Batool SS, Yu Z, Huang S, Huang J. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alleviates the pathological injuries in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum by modulating intestinal microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1172298. [PMID: 37265494 PMCID: PMC10230073 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1172298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma japonicum causes serious pathological organ damage and alteration of the intestinal microbiome in the mammalian host, threatening the health of millions of people in China. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has been reported to be able to alleviate the damage to the gut and liver and maintain the homeostasis of the intestinal microenvironment. However, it was unclear whether B. amyloliquefaciens could alleviate the hepatic and intestinal symptoms caused by S. japonicum. In this study, the intragastric administration of B. amyloliquefaciens was performed to treat S. japonicum-infected mice during the acute phase. Histopathological analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to evaluate the pathological damage and changes in the intestinal microbiome. The results of the study showed that B. amyloliquefaciens treatment significantly reduced the degree of granuloma and fibrosis in infected mice. Additionally, recovery of diversity in the intestinal microbiome, decrease in the relative abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella, and reshaping of the interactive network between genera in the intestine were also observed after treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens. Our findings indicated that treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens effectively alleviated the pathological injuries of the liver and intestine in mice infected with S. japonicum by modulating the intestinal microbiome, implying that this probiotic can function as an effective therapeutic agent against schistosomiasis. We hope our study will provide auxiliary strategies and methods for the early prevention of schistosomiasis japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruizheng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyan Wang
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Syeda Sundas Batool
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuaiqin Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Human Microbiome and Health Group, Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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MacAlpine J, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Bacterial-fungal interactions and their impact on microbial pathogenesis. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2565-2581. [PMID: 35231147 PMCID: PMC11032213 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities of the human microbiota exhibit diverse effects on human health and disease. Microbial homeostasis is important for normal physiological functions and changes to the microbiota are associated with many human diseases including diabetes, cancer, and colitis. In addition, there are many microorganisms that are either commensal or acquired from environmental reservoirs that can cause diverse pathologies. Importantly, the balance between health and disease is intricately connected to how members of the microbiota interact and affect one another's growth and pathogenicity. However, the mechanisms that govern these interactions are only beginning to be understood. In this review, we outline bacterial-fungal interactions in the human body, including examining the mechanisms by which bacteria govern fungal growth and virulence, as well as how fungi regulate bacterial pathogenesis. We summarize advances in the understanding of chemical, physical, and protein-based interactions, and their role in exacerbating or impeding human disease. We focus on the three fungal species responsible for the majority of systemic fungal infections in humans: Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. We conclude by summarizing recent studies that have mined microbes for novel antimicrobials and antivirulence factors, highlighting the potential of the human microbiota as a rich resource for small molecule discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie MacAlpine
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
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17
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Archambault L, Koshy-Chenthittayil S, Thompson A, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A, Laubenbacher R, Mendes P. Corrected and Republished from: "Understanding Lactobacillus paracasei and Streptococcus oralis Biofilm Interactions through Agent-Based Modeling". mSphere 2023; 8:e0065622. [PMID: 36942961 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00656-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As common commensals residing on mucosal tissues, Lactobacillus species are known to promote health, while some Streptococcus species act to enhance the pathogenicity of other organisms in those environments. In this study we used a combination of in vitro imaging of live biofilms and computational modeling to explore biofilm interactions between Streptococcus oralis, an accessory pathogen in oral candidiasis, and Lactobacillus paracasei, an organism with known probiotic properties. A computational agent-based model was created where the two species interact only by competing for space, oxygen, and glucose. Quantification of bacterial growth in live biofilms indicated that S. oralis biomass and cell numbers were much lower than predicted by the model. Two subsequent models were then created to examine more complex interactions between these species, one where L. paracasei secretes a surfactant and another where L. paracasei secretes an inhibitor of S. oralis growth. We observed that the growth of S. oralis could be affected by both mechanisms. Further biofilm experiments support the hypothesis that L. paracasei may secrete an inhibitor of S. oralis growth, although they do not exclude that a surfactant could also be involved. This contribution shows how agent-based modeling and experiments can be used in synergy to address multiple-species biofilm interactions, with important roles in mucosal health and disease. IMPORTANCE We previously discovered a role of the oral commensal Streptococcus oralis as an accessory pathogen. S. oralis increases the virulence of Candida albicans infections in murine oral candidiasis and epithelial cell models through mechanisms which promote the formation of tissue-damaging biofilms. Lactobacillus species have known inhibitory effects on biofilm formation of many microbes, including Streptococcus species. Agent-based modeling has great advantages as a means of exploring multifaceted relationships between organisms in complex environments such as biofilms. Here, we used an iterative collaborative process between experimentation and modeling to reveal aspects of the mostly unexplored relationship between S. oralis and L. paracasei in biofilm growth. The inhibitory nature of L. paracasei on S. oralis in biofilms may be exploited as a means of preventing or alleviating mucosal fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Archambault
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sherli Koshy-Chenthittayil
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Angela Thompson
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Pedro Mendes
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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18
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Kim HJ, Yoo HJ. Inhibitory effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on formation of cariogenic biofilm. J Dent Sci 2023; 18:65-72. [PMID: 36643262 PMCID: PMC9831821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacground/purpose Streptococcus salivarius (S. salivarius) K12 is known to be a probiotic bacterium. The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-cariogenic effects of S. salivarius K12 on cariogenic biofilm. Materials and methods S. salivarius K12 was cultured in M17 broth. The antimicrobial activity of spent culture medium (SCM) against Streptococcus mutans was investigated. S. salivarius K12 was co-cultivated with S. mutans using a membrane insert. When the biofilm was formed using salivary bacteria and S. mutans, the K12 was inoculated every day. The biomass of biofilm was investigated by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Also, bacterial DNA from the biofilm was extracted, and then bacteria proportion was analyzed by quantitative PCR using specific primers. The expression of gtf genes of S. mutans in the biofilm with or without S. salivarius K12 was analyzed by RT-PCR. Results The SCM of S. salivarius K12 inhibited the growth of S. mutans. Also, S. salivarius K12 reduced S. mutans growth in co-cultivation. The formation of cariogenic biofilm was reduced by adding S. salivarius K12, and the count of S. mutans in the biofilm was also decreased in the presence of S. salivarius K12. gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD expression of S. mutans in the biofilm was reduced in the presence of S. salivarius K12. Conclusion S. salivarius K12 may inhibit the formation of cariogenic biofilm by interrupting the growth and glucosyltransferase production of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ji Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Yoo
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-Ro, Dangnam-gu, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea. Fax: +82 41 550 1859.
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Ayuda-Durán B, Sánchez-Hernández E, González-Manzano S, Santos-Buelga C, González-Paramás AM. The effects of polyphenols against oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans are determined by coexisting bacteria. Front Nutr 2022; 9:989427. [PMID: 36532522 PMCID: PMC9752899 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.989427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increasing evidence supports the role of gut microbiota in many aspects of human health, including immune, metabolic and neurobehavioral traits. Several studies have focused on how different components of the diet, such as polyphenols, can modulate the composition and function of the gut microbiota leading to health benefits. Methods The effects on the resistance against thermally induced oxidative stress of C. elegans grown in the presence of flavonoids (quercetin or epicatechin) and fed different probiotic strains, namely Lactobacillus plantarum CLC17, Bifidobacterium longum NCIMB 8809 and Enterococcus faecium CECT 410, were explored. Results Feeding C. elegans with the assayed bacteria in the absence of flavonoids did not significantly affect body size and fertility of the worms neither improve their resistance against oxidative stress compared to E. coli controls. However, increased resistance to stress was found when C. elegans was cultivated in the presence of both L. plantarum and flavonoids, but not with B. longum or E. faecium. An exploratory study revealed the presence of glycosylated and sulfated metabolites together with the aglycone in worms treated with quercetin and fed any of the different assayed LAB strains. However, in the assays with epicatechin a differential metabolite, tentatively identified as 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone 3'-O-glucoside, was detected in the worms fed L. plantarum but not with the other bacteria. Conclusion The obtained results indicated that the interactions bacteria/polyphenol play a key role in the effects produced in C. elegans regarding resistance against oxidative stress, although those effects cannot be only explained by the ability of bacteria to metabolize polyphenols, but other mechanisms should also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ayuda-Durán
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, ETSIIAA, University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| | - Susana González-Manzano
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Celestino Santos-Buelga
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana M. González-Paramás
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Samtiya M, Puniya AK, Puniya M, Shah NP, Dhewa T, Vemuri R. Probiotic Regulation to Modulate Aging Gut and Brain Health: A Concise Review. BACTERIA 2022; 1:250-265. [DOI: 10.3390/bacteria1040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains a diverse mixture of commensal and pathogenic microbes, forming the gut microbiome. These gut microbes and their potential to improve human health are a topic of great interest to the scientific community. Many intestinal and age-related complications are linked to dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, often associated with a weakened immune system. A decrease in beneficial microbes, generally, along with decreased microbial diversity in the gut, can, in many cases, result in disease, particularly in older individuals. Probiotics, which are ingestible beneficial microorganisms, have the potential to positively modulate the indigenous gut microbiota. There are two predominant and conventional classes of lactic acid bacterial probiotics, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which have been confirmed for their health benefits and role in preventing certain gut-related disorders. The proper use of probiotics and/or supplements, along with a consistently healthy lifestyle, is a promising holistic approach to maintaining or improving gut health and minimizing other age-linked disorders. There are many properties that bacterial probiotics possess, which may allow for these beneficial effects in the gut. For instance, probiotics have adhesion capacities (capability to stay in GI tract) that are effective in excluding pathogens, while other probiotics have the potential to stimulate or modulate the intestinal immune system by regulating genes that reside within and outside of the gut environment. This review discussed the possible underlying mechanics of probiotics, evidence of probiotic-based mitigation of age-related disease, and the role of probiotics in modulating gut health and, in turn, maintaining brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Samtiya
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Monica Puniya
- Science and Standards Division, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), FDA Bhawan, Kotla Road, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Nagendra P. Shah
- Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Tejpal Dhewa
- Department of Nutrition Biology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Ravichandra Vemuri
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Freedman SB, Finkelstein Y, Pang XL, Chui L, Tarr PI, VanBuren JM, Olsen C, Lee BE, Hall-Moore CA, Sapien R, O’Connell K, Levine AC, Poonai N, Roskind C, Schuh S, Rogers A, Bhatt S, Gouin S, Mahajan P, Vance C, Hurley K, Powell EC, Farion KJ, Schnadower D. Pathogen-Specific Effects of Probiotics in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis Seeking Emergency Care: A Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:55-64. [PMID: 34596225 PMCID: PMC9402642 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unknown if probiotics exert pathogen-specific effects in children with diarrhea secondary to acute gastroenteritis. METHODS Analysis of patient-level data from 2 multicenter randomized, placebo controlled trials conducted in pediatric emergency departments in Canada and the United States. Participants were 3-48 months with >3 diarrheal episodes in the preceding 24 hours and were symptomatic for <72 hours and <7 days in the Canadian and US studies, respectively. Participants received either placebo or a probiotic preparation (Canada-Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011/Lactobacillus helveticus R0052; US-L. rhamnosus GG). The primary outcome was post-intervention moderate-to-severe disease (ie, ≥9 on the Modified Vesikari Scale [MVS] score). RESULTS Pathogens were identified in specimens from 59.3% of children (928/1565). No pathogen groups were less likely to experience an MVS score ≥9 based on treatment allocation (test for interaction = 0.35). No differences between groups were identified for adenovirus (adjusted relative risk [aRR]: 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .62, 3.23), norovirus (aRR: 0.98; 95% CI: .56, 1.74), rotavirus (aRR: 0.86; 95% CI: .43, 1.71) or bacteria (aRR: 1.19; 95% CI: .41, 3.43). At pathogen-group and among individual pathogens there were no differences in diarrhea duration or the total number of diarrheal stools between treatment groups, regardless of intervention allocation or among probiotic sub-groups. Among adenovirus-infected children, those administered the L. rhamnosus R0011/L. helveticus R0052 product experienced fewer diarrheal episodes (aRR: 0.65; 95% CI: .47, .90). CONCLUSIONS Neither probiotic product resulted in less severe disease compared to placebo across a range of the most common etiologic pathogens. The preponderance of evidence does not support the notion that there are pathogen specific benefits associated with probiotic use in children with acute gastroenteritis. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01773967 and NCT01853124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Freedman
- Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Yaron Finkelstein
- Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao Li Pang
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John M VanBuren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Cody Olsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Bonita E Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carla A Hall-Moore
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert Sapien
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Karen O’Connell
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Hospital, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Adam C Levine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children’s Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Naveen Poonai
- Departments of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindy Roskind
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Suzanne Schuh
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Rogers
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics. Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Seema Bhatt
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Serge Gouin
- Departments of Pediatric Emergency Medicine & Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Prashant Mahajan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cheryl Vance
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, UC Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Katrina Hurley
- Department of Emergency Medicine, IWK Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C Powell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USAand
| | - Ken J Farion
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David Schnadower
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Effects of Probiotic Supplementation during Pregnancy on the Future Maternal Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158253. [PMID: 35897822 PMCID: PMC9330652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that induce health benefits in the host. Taking probiotics is generally safe and well tolerated by pregnant women and their children. Consumption of probiotics can result in both prophylactic and therapeutic effects. In healthy adult humans, the gut microbiome is stable at the level of the dominant taxa: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and has a higher presence of Verrucomicrobia. During pregnancy, an increase in the number of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla and a decrease in the beneficial species Roseburia intestinalis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are observed. Pregnancy is a "window" to the mother's future health. The aim of this paper is to review studies assessing the potentially beneficial effects of probiotics in preventing the development of diseases that appear during pregnancy, which are currently considered as risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome, and consequently, reducing the risk of developing maternal metabolic syndrome in the future. The use of probiotics in gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia and excessive gestational weight gain is reviewed. Probiotics are a relatively new intervention that can prevent the development of these disorders during pregnancy, and thus, would reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome resulting from these disorders in the mother's future.
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Choi CH, Kim E, Yang SM, Kim DS, Suh SM, Lee GY, Kim HY. Comparison of Real-Time PCR and Droplet Digital PCR for the Quantitative Detection of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091331. [PMID: 35564054 PMCID: PMC9105557 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) is one of the newest and most promising tools providing absolute quantification of target DNA molecules. Despite its emerging applications in microorganisms, few studies reported its use for detecting lactic acid bacteria. This study evaluated the applicability of a ddPCR assay targeting molecular genes obtained from in silico analysis for detecting Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum, a bacterium mainly used as a starter or responsible for fermentation in food. The performance characteristics of a ddPCR were compared to those of a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). To compare the linearity and sensitivity of a qPCR and ddPCR, the calibration curve for a qPCR and the regression curve for a ddPCR were obtained using genomic DNA [102−108 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL] extracted from a pure culture and spiked food sample. Both the qPCR and ddPCR assays exhibited good linearity with a high coefficient of determination in the pure culture and spiked food sample (R2 ≥ 0.996). The ddPCR showed a 10-fold lower limit of detection, suggesting that a ddPCR is more sensitive than a qPCR. However, a ddPCR has limitations in the absolute quantitation of high bacterial concentrations (>106 CFU/mL). In conclusion, a ddPCR can be a reliable method for detecting and quantifying lactic acid bacteria in food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-201-2600; Fax: +82-31-204-8116
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24
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Danis R, Wawruch M. Travellers' diarrhoea - prevention, trends and role of microbiome. Cent Eur J Public Health 2022; 30:20-25. [PMID: 35421294 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a6740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review, we present a contemporary look at the management of travellers' diarrhoea (TD), and we discuss the potential role of a microbiome as well as the administration of live microorganisms in order to prevent TD. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search using the PubMed and Web of Science databases for the period 2014-2021, looking for original and review articles on travellers' diarrhoea. RESULTS TD belongs among the most frequent illnesses experienced by travellers. For the most part, it is manifested as an acute yet self limiting condition, and only in a few cases proceeds to a prolonged form. Epidemiological analyses have shown that the majority of TD cases are caused by bacterial infections. In practice, pharmacological therapy is often used in the prevention and treatment of TD, since patients naturally seek preventive measures against the development of its severe course and its impact on planned activities. Bismuth salicylate is a strongly recommended TD prophylaxis but is not available on all European Union markets. Although the antibiotic prophylaxis is not generally recommended in guidelines, some antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agents are accessible over-the-counter in certain countries, and travellers are routinely encouraged to use them preventively. This routine can alter the microbiome of the traveller and promote the spread of drug resistant bacteria in their place of residence. Probiotic administration is considered safe, although the quality of evidence in favour of its prophylactic use in TD is currently low. CONCLUSIONS The challenge for public health authorities is to educate personnel that can directly influence the behaviour of travellers through safe and effective pharmacological alternatives to antibiotics. Manipulation of the gut microbiome using specific probiotic strains can represent a safe and promising intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Danis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Wawruch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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25
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Breastfeeding as a regulating factor of the development of the intestinal microbiome in the early stages of life. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Keely SJ, Barrett KE. Intestinal secretory mechanisms and diarrhea. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G405-G420. [PMID: 35170355 PMCID: PMC8917926 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00316.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary functions of the intestinal epithelium is to transport fluid and electrolytes to and from the luminal contents. Under normal circumstances, absorptive and secretory processes are tightly regulated such that absorption predominates, thereby enabling conservation of the large volumes of water that pass through the intestine each day. However, in conditions of secretory diarrhea, this balance becomes dysregulated, so that fluid secretion, driven primarily by Cl- secretion, overwhelms absorptive capacity, leading to increased loss of water in the stool. Secretory diarrheas are common and include those induced by pathogenic bacteria and viruses, allergens, and disruptions to bile acid homeostasis, or as a side effect of many drugs. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Cl- and fluid secretion in the intestine are regulated, how these mechanisms become dysregulated in conditions of secretory diarrhea, currently available and emerging therapeutic approaches, and how new strategies to exploit intestinal secretory mechanisms are successfully being used in the treatment of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kim E Barrett
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Buccigrossi V, Poeta M, Cioffi V, Terranova S, Nunziata F, Lo Vecchio A, Guarino A. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Counteracts Rotavirus-Induced Ion Secretion and Enterocyte Damage by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Through Specific Effects of Living and Postbiotic Preparations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:854989. [PMID: 35425719 PMCID: PMC9001969 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.854989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Administration of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to children with gastroenteritis is recommended by universal guidelines. Rotavirus (RV) causes diarrhea through combined cytotoxic and enterotoxic effects. Aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of efficacy of LGG in an in-vitro model of RV diarrhea in its viable form (LGG) and conditioned medium (mLGG). Methods Ion secretion corresponding to the NSP4 enterotoxic effect, was evaluated by short circuit current (Isc) and the cytotoxic effect by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Ussing chambers, upon exposure to RV in Caco-2 enterocyte monolayers treated or not with living probiotic or its culture supernatant. Mechanisms of enterotoxic and cytotoxic damage were evaluated including oxidative stress measured by reactive oxygen species, apoptosis evaluated by DAPI and nuclear staining, NFkβ immunofluorescence. Results RV induced Isc increase and TEER decrease, respectively indicating ion secretion and epithelial damage, the two established pathways of diarrhea. Both probiotic preparations reduced both diarrheal effects, but their potency was different. Live LGG was equally effective on both enterotoxic and cytotoxic effect whereas mLGG was highly effective on ion secretion and showed minimal protective effects on cytoskeleton, apoptosis and NFkβ. Conclusions LGG counteracts RV-induced diarrhea by inhibiting both cytotoxic and enterotoxic pathogenic mechanisms. Namely, LGG inhibits chloride secretion by specific moieties secreted in the medium with a direct pharmacologic-like action. This is considered a postbiotic effect. Subsequently, live bacteria exert a probiotic effect protecting the enterocyte structure.
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Li Y, Gao J, Xue L, Shang Y, Cai W, Xie X, Jiang T, Chen H, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen M, Ding Y, Wu Q. Determination of Antiviral Mechanism of Centenarian Gut-Derived Limosilactobacillus fermentum Against Norovirus. Front Nutr 2022; 9:812623. [PMID: 35419394 PMCID: PMC8997286 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.812623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although noroviruses are the causative agents of most non-bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks, effective antivirals are currently unavailable. Certain probiotic strains have been reported as active antivirals for norovirus infections, but their mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we examined the antiviral potential of 122 lactic acid bacteria isolates against murine norovirus (MNV), a human norovirus surrogate. A centenarian gut-derived strain, Limosilactobacillus fermentum PV22, exhibited the strongest MNV antagonism and reduced the viral titer by 2.23 ± 0.38 (log-value) in 5 min with stable activity at 25°C (P < 0.01). Genome mining revealed that its antiviral activity can be attributed to the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid, and this finding was experimentally verified. Furthermore, we demonstrated the safety of the isolate and its high intestinal colonization ability. In conclusion, we discovered a centenarian gut-derived L. fermentum strain with strong anti-norovirus activity and identified its antiviral metabolite. Our results will offer new solutions for the prevention and treatment of food-related norovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqiang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Feng J, Gao M, Zhao C, Yang J, Gao H, Lu X, Ju R, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Oral Administration of Probiotics Reduces Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea and Oral Mucositis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:823288. [PMID: 35299763 PMCID: PMC8922230 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.823288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy generally causes serious diarrhea and oral mucositis in cancer patients, and subsequently affects treatment. Oral administration of probiotics provides a therapeutic choice to address these limitations. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of oral probiotic use in the management of the chemotherapy-induced adverse reactions, and to summarize the mechanisms underlying the action. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science from the start of the study to its completion on Dec. 31, 2021. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Collaboration's Tool. Statistical analysis of the acquired data was performed via the RevMan and the Stata Statistical Software. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020220650). Results Twelve randomized controlled trials including 1,013 patients were recruited and analyzed via the standard procedure of meta-analysis. In contrast to the control group, orally taking probiotics significantly decreased the risk of chemotherapy-induced diarrhea (≥ 1 grade) (RR = 0.70; 95% Cl: 0.56, 0.88; P = 0.002) and oral mucositis (≥ 1 grade) (RR: 0.84; 95% Cl: 0.78, 0.91; P < 0.00001) at all grades. Further analysis found that severe diarrhea (≥ 2 grades) (RR: 0.50; 95% Cl: 0.32, 0.78; P = 0.002) and severe oral mucositis also significantly declined (≥ 3 grades) (RR: 0.66; 95% Cl: 0.55, 0.79; P < 0.00001) after oral probiotic use. Interestingly, the beneficial effects of probiotics displayed statistically significant only in Asian patients. Importantly, the more species of bacteria they took, the lower the incidences of the adverse reactions occurred. We used Egger's test P value to confirm that there is no publication bias. Conclusions This meta-analysis demonstrated that orally administrated probiotics has a potential to decrease chemotherapy-induced diarrhea and oral mucositis incidences. However, the efficacy of oral probiotic use against the adverse reactions needs to be further verified through more clinical trials, and the species and number of probiotics have to be optimized and standardized prior to clinical applications. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk, identifier: 220650.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Ju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuwei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Central Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Wang Y, Dong J, Wang J, Chi W, Zhou W, Tian Q, Hong Y, Zhou X, Ye H, Tian X, Hu R, Wong A. Assessing the drug resistance profiles of oral probiotic lozenges. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2019992. [PMID: 35024089 PMCID: PMC8745366 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.2019992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Probiotic lozenges have been developed to harvest the benefits of probiotics for oral health, but their long-term consumption may encourage the transfer of resistance genes from probiotics to commensals, and eventually to disease-causing bacteria. Aim To screen commercial probiotic lozenges for resistance to antibiotics, characterize the resistance determinants, and examine their transferability in vitro. Results Probiotics of all lozenges were resistant to glycopeptide, sulfonamide, and penicillin antibiotics, while some were resistant to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. High minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were detected for streptomycin (>128 µg/mL) and chloramphenicol (> 512 µg/mL) for all probiotics but only one was resistant to piperacillin (MIC = 32 µg/mL). PCR analysis detected erythromycin (erm(T), ermB or mefA) and fluoroquinolone (parC or gyr(A)) resistance genes in some lozenges although there were no resistant phenotypes. The dfrD, cat-TC, vatE, aadE, vanX, and aph(3")-III or ant(2")-I genes conferring resistance to trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, quinupristin/dalfopristin, vancomycin, and streptomycin, respectively, were detected in resistant probiotics. The rifampicin resistance gene rpoB was also present. We found no conjugal transfer of streptomycin resistance genes in our co-incubation experiments. Conclusion Our study represents the first antibiotic resistance profiling of probiotics from oral lozenges, thus highlighting the health risk especially in the prevailing threat of drug resistance globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingya Dong
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Chi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiwen Tian
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hailv Ye
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuechen Tian
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rongdang Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Zhejiang Bioinformatics International Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Pogačar MŠ, Mičetić-Turk D, Fijan S. Probiotics: current regulatory aspects of probiotics for use in different disease conditions. PROBIOTICS IN THE PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN DISEASES 2022:465-499. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823733-5.00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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Green synthesis of nanoparticles by probiotics and their application. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 119:83-128. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Anand P, Kaur N, Verma V, Shafiq N, Malhotra S. Assessment of rationality of available fixed dose combinations of antibiotics in India. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:797-808. [PMID: 34865581 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2015324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE India is among the largest consumers of antibiotics. Easy availability and growing sales of Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) of antibiotics can worsen Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). There is lack of comprehensive data on available antibiotic FDC formulations, their dose strengths and adequacy of scientific evidence regarding their efficacy, safety and suitability for human use. In the present work, we aimed at addressing this knowledge gap. METHODS Availability of FDCs was ascertained from the Current Index of Medical Specialties (CIMS) [Issue Jan-April 2020]. Customized data abstraction form was used to capture pertinent information for these FDCs. Assessment of rationality was done based on standard parameters. RESULTS More than 90% of the existing FDCs were found to be irrational; with two third of them being unapproved and or banned from use in the country. CONCLUSIONS Although the regulatory agency has already taken cognizance of the seriousness of the matter; there is an urgent need to revisit these FDCs to promote prudent antibiotic use. EXPERT OPINION High antibiotic use is associated with antimicrobial resistance; it is imperative that all factors which lead to high antibiotic use are adequately addressed. Easy availability of fixed dose combinations (FDCs) has begun to catch the attention of regulators in developing economies like India leading to a ban of 330 FDCs of which 19% were antibiotic combinations. The continuing presence and increasing sales of these irrational FDCs is a concern for effective antimicrobial stewardship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Navjot Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College (VMMC) & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nusrat Shafiq
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Samir Malhotra
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Understanding Lactobacillus paracasei and Streptococcus oralis Biofilm Interactions through Agent-Based Modeling. mSphere 2021; 6:e0087521. [PMID: 34908459 PMCID: PMC8673396 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00875-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As common commensals residing on mucosal tissues, Lactobacillus species are known to promote health, while some Streptococcus species act to enhance the pathogenicity of other organisms in those environments. In this study, we used a combination of in vitro imaging of live biofilms and computational modeling to explore biofilm interactions between Streptococcus oralis, an accessory pathogen in oral candidiasis, and Lactobacillus paracasei, an organism with known probiotic properties. A computational agent-based model was created where the two species interact only by competing for space, oxygen and glucose. Quantification of bacterial growth in live biofilms indicated that S. oralis biomass and cell numbers were much lower than predicted by the model. Two subsequent models were then created to examine more complex interactions between these species, one where L. paracasei secretes a surfactant, and another where L. paracasei secretes an inhibitor of S. oralis growth. We observed that the growth of S. oralis could be affected by both mechanisms. Further biofilm experiments support the hypothesis that L. paracasei may secrete an inhibitor of S. oralis growth, although they do not exclude that a surfactant could also be involved. This contribution shows how agent-based modeling and experiments can be used in synergy to address multiple species biofilm interactions, with important roles in mucosal health and disease. IMPORTANCE We previously discovered a role of the oral commensal Streptococcus oralis as an accessory pathogen. S. oralis increases the virulence of Candida albicans infections in murine oral candidiasis and epithelial cell models through mechanisms which promote the formation of tissue-damaging biofilms. Lactobacillus species have known inhibitory effects on biofilm formation of many microbes, including Streptococcus species. Agent-based modeling has great advantages as a means of exploring multifaceted relationships between organisms in complex environments such as biofilms. Here, we used an iterative collaborative process between experimentation and modeling to reveal aspects of the mostly unexplored relationship between S. oralis and L. paracasei in biofilm growth. The inhibitory nature of L. paracasei on S. oralis in biofilms may be exploited as a means of preventing or alleviating mucosal fungal infections.
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Presti RM, Yeh E, Williams B, Landay A, Jacobson JM, Wilson C, Fichtenbaum CJ, Utay NS, Dube MP, Klingman KL, Estes JD, Flynn JK, Loftin A, Brenchley JM, Andrade A, Kitch DW, Overton ET. A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Assessing the Effect of VISBIOME ES Probiotic in People With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab550. [PMID: 34888397 PMCID: PMC8651169 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A5350, a phase II, randomized, double-blind study, evaluated the safety and tolerability of the probiotic Visbiome Extra Strength (ES) over 24 weeks and measured effects on inflammation and intestinal barrier function. METHODS The primary outcome was change in soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels; secondary outcomes included safety and tolerability, markers of inflammation and cellular activation, and microbiome. In a substudy, gut permeability was assessed by paired colonic biopsies measuring the area of lamina propria occupied by CD4+ cells, interleukin (IL)-17+ cells, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Changes between arms were compared with the 2-sample t test with equal variance or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. For safety, the highest graded adverse events (AEs) were compared between arms using the Fisher exact test. RESULTS Overall, 93 participants enrolled: 86% male, median age 51 years, median CD4 count 712 cells/mm3. Visbiome ES was safe and well tolerated. There was no difference in mean change in sCD14 from baseline to week 25/26 between placebo (mean change, 92.3 µg/L; 95% CI, -48.5 to 233 µg/L) and Visbiome ES (mean change, 41.0 µg/L; 95% CI, -94.1 to 176.2 µg/L; P=.60). Similarly, no statistically significant differences between arms in inflammatory marker changes were identified. In substudy participants, no statistical differences between arms for change in cellular marker expression or gut permeability were observed (P>.05 for all). The microbiome demonstrated increased probiotic species and a significant decrease in Gammaproteobacteria (P=.044) in the Visbiome ES arm. CONCLUSIONS Visbiome ES was safe and altered the microbiome but demonstrated no effect on systemic inflammatory markers, pathology, or gut permeability in antiretroviral therapy-treated people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Presti
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Eunice Yeh
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alan Landay
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Jacobson
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cara Wilson
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Netanya S Utay
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael P Dube
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jacob K Flynn
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda Loftin
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason M Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Lab of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Douglas W Kitch
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edgar T Overton
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Bacteremia after Bacillus clausii administration for the treatment of acute diarrhea: A case report. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2021; 41:13-20. [PMID: 34669274 PMCID: PMC8598109 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus clausii is a gram-positive rod used as a probiotic to treat diarrhea and the side effects of antibiotics such as pseudomembranous colitis. We report a case of B. clausii bacteremia in a non-immunocompromised patient with active peptic ulcer disease and acute diarrhea. The probiotic was administered during the patient's hospitalization due to diarrhea of infectious origin. B. clausii was identified in the bloodstream of the patient through Matrix- Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) days after her discharge. Given the wide use of probiotics, we alert clinicians to consider this microorganism as a causative agent when signs of systemic infection, metabolic compromise, and hemodynamic instability establish after its administration and no pathogens have been identified that could explain the clinical course.
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Ghosh A, Sundaram B, Bhattacharya P, Mohanty N, Dheivamani N, Mane S, Acharyya B, Kamale V, Poddar S, Khobragade A, Thomas W, Prabhudesai S, Choudhary A, Mitra M. Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM-I 3799 and Bacillus subtilis CU-1 on Acute Watery Diarrhea: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study in Indian Children. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2021; 24:423-431. [PMID: 34557395 PMCID: PMC8443851 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2021.24.5.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effect of combination probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM-I 3799 and Bacillus subtilis CU-1 in outpatient management of acute watery diarrhea in children. METHODS A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted in 180 participants aged six months to five years with acute mild to moderate diarrhea. All were enrolled from six centers across India and centrally randomized to receive S. boulardii CNCM-I 3799 and B. subtilis CU-1 or a placebo along with oral rehydration salts and zinc supplementation. Each participant was followed up for three months to assess recurrence of diarrhea. RESULTS The mean duration of diarrhea in the probiotic and placebo groups were 54.16 hours and 59.48 hours, respectively. The difference in the duration of diarrhea in those administered with probiotic or placebo within 24 hours of diarrhea onset was 25.21 hours. Furthermore, the difference in duration of diarrhea was 13.84 hours (p<0.05) for participants who were administered with probiotics within 48 hours. There were no significant differences in the stool frequencies between the two arms. After three months, 15% in the probiotic group and 18.5% in the placebo group reported episodes of diarrhea. The mean duration of diarrhea was considerably lower in the probiotic group, 31.02 hours versus 48 hours in placebo (p=0.017). CONCLUSION S. boulardii CNCM-I 3799 and B. subtilis CU-1 combination was effective in reducing the duration of diarrhea when administered within 48 hours of diarrhea onset. Similarly, it reduced recurrence of diarrhea and its intensity in the subsequent three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Piyali Bhattacharya
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, India
| | - Nimain Mohanty
- Department of Pediatrics, MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Nirmala Dheivamani
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Institute of Child Health, Chennai, India
| | - Sushant Mane
- Department of Pediatrics, Grant Govt. Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhaswati Acharyya
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | - Vijay Kamale
- Department of Pediatrics, MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sumon Poddar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
| | - Akash Khobragade
- Department of Medical & Clinical Pharmacology, Grant Govt. Medical College & Sir J.J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India
| | - Winston Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Chennai, India
| | - Sumant Prabhudesai
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Kanchi Kamakoti Childs Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Ankita Choudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, MGM Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Monjori Mitra
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India
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Milner E, Stevens B, An M, Lam V, Ainsworth M, Dihle P, Stearns J, Dombrowski A, Rego D, Segars K. Utilizing Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689958. [PMID: 34434175 PMCID: PMC8381467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are heavily advertised to promote a healthy gastrointestinal tract and boost the immune system. This review article summarizes the history and diversity of probiotics, outlines conventional in vitro assays and in vivo models, assesses the pharmacologic effects of probiotic and pharmaceutical co-administration, and the broad impact of clinical probiotic utilization for gastrointestinal disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Benjamin Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Martino An
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Victoria Lam
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Michael Ainsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Preston Dihle
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Jocelyn Stearns
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Dombrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Rego
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Katharine Segars
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
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Active Yeast but Not Henhouse Environment Affects Dropping Moisture Levels in Egg-Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082179. [PMID: 34438640 PMCID: PMC8388414 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The high dropping moisture content of chicken feces can impose a serious burden on poultry production costs and the environment. In the first part of this study, we investigated the correlations among chicken dropping moisture content, environmental factors, and production performance. In the second part, we explored whether the addition of three types of additives added individually could reduce the dropping moisture content. The results showed that the dropping moisture level was not associated with production performance or any environmental factors at different locations at the same henhouse height. The probiotic additive (active yeast) significantly reduced the dropping moisture rate. These findings can improve strategies for dealing with high dropping moisture levels and contribute to the enhancement of chicken production. Abstract Dropping moisture (DM) refers to the water content in feces. High DM negatively affects poultry production, environment, production costs, and animal health. Heredity, nutrition, environment, and disease may affect DM level. DM has medium inheritability and is related to cage height in henhouses. We examined the relationship among DM level, production performance, and environmental factors at different locations at the same henhouse height and effects of three types of additives. We measured the correlation between environmental factors including temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, absolute pressure, and DM levels and laying performance of 934 Rhode Island Red hens. DM level was not significantly associated with environmental factors or production performance. We divided 64 persistently high DM hens into control and treatment groups supplied with different additives (probiotics, anisodamine, and antibiotics). DM levels, laying performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical indices were determined. Compared with the control and antibiotics, probiotics significantly reduced DM levels and eggshell strength while improving yolk color but did not significantly affect production performance. The additives reduced the b value of eggshell color; compared with probiotics, anisodamine decreased serum globulin levels. Exogenous active yeast supplementation can significantly reduce DM levels.
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Wu Y, Wang L, Luo R, Chen H, Nie C, Niu J, Chen C, Xu Y, Li X, Zhang W. Effect of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture on the Growth and Incidence of Diarrhea, Immune Function, and Fecal Microbiota of Pre-weaning Dairy Calves. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:681014. [PMID: 34335503 PMCID: PMC8318002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different doses of a multispecies probiotic (MSP) mixture on growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea rate and immune function, and fecal microbial diversity and structure were evaluated in pre-weaning Holstein dairy calves at WK2, WK4, WK6, and WK8. Forty Chinese Holstein female newborn calves were randomly assigned to four treatments with 10 calves in each group, C (control group), T1 (0.5 g MSP/calf/day, T2 (1 g MSP/calf/day), and T3 (2 g MSP/calf/day) groups. The experimental period was 56 days. Feed intake and health scoring were recorded every day until the end of the experiment. Fecal contents and blood samples were sampled at WK2, WK4, WK6, and WK8. Growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, and total serum concentrations (IgA, IgG, and IgM) were analyzed. Bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS genes were high-throughput sequenced for fecal microbiota. The relationships among the populations of the principal fecal microbiota at WK2 and the growth performance or serum immunoglobulin concentrations were analyzed using Pearson's rank correlation coefficients. The MSP supplementation reduced the incidence of diarrhea in the first 4 weeks of life, and serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations increased between WK2 and WK8 in the T3 group. There was an increase in growth performance and reduction in the incidence of diarrhea until WK4 after birth in T3 group, compared with the control, T1, and T2 groups. The results of fecal microbiota analysis showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroides were the predominant phyla, with Blautia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, Bacteroides, Subdoligranulum, and Bifidobacterium being the dominant genera in calf feces. Aspergillus, Thermomyces, and Saccharomyces were the predominant fungal phyla. Compared with the control, in T1 and T2 groups, the MSP supplementation reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Collinsella, and Saccharomyces at WK2 in group T3. Thus, the fecal microbial composition and diversity was significantly affected by the MSP mixture during the first 2 weeks of the calves' life. MSP mixtures reduced the incidence of diarrhea in pre-weaning calves (during the first 4 weeks of life). There was a significant improvement in growth performance, reduction in calf diarrhea, balance in the fecal microbiota, and an overall improvement in serum immunity, compared with the control group. We, therefore, recommend adding 2 g/day of multispecies probiotic mixture supplementation in diets of dairy calves during their first 4 weeks of life before weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ruiqing Luo
- Xinjiang Tianshan Junken Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shihezi, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Xinjiang Tianshan Junken Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shihezi, China
| | - Cunxi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Junli Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Liao W, Chen C, Wen T, Zhao Q. Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. J Clin Gastroenterol 2021; 55:469-480. [PMID: 33234881 PMCID: PMC8183490 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aims to combine the latest research evidence to assess the effect of probiotics on preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in adults. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for randomized placebo-controlled trials on probiotics preventing AAD. A random or fixed effect model was used to combine the incidence of AAD (primary outcome) and the adverse event rates. The authors performed subgroup analyses to explore the effects of different participants population, probiotics species, and dosage. RESULTS Thirty-six studies were included with 9312 participants. Probiotics reduced the incidence of AAD by 38% (pooled relative risk, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.74). The protective effect of probiotics was still significant when grouped by reasons for antibiotics treatment, probiotic duration, probiotic dosage, and time from antibiotic to probiotic. However, there were no statistically significant increased adverse events in the probiotics group (relative risk, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.87-1.14). CONCLUSIONS This updated meta-analysis suggested that using probiotics as early as possible during antibiotic therapy has a positive and safe effect on preventing AAD in adults. Further studies should focus on the optimal dosage and duration of probiotics to develop a specific recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqian Liao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit
- Infection Control Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou
| | - Chongxiang Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit
- Infection Control Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou
| | - Tianmeng Wen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit
- Infection Control Department, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou
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Ebrahimzadeh-Attari V, Panahi G, Hebert JR, Ostadrahimi A, Saghafi-Asl M, Lotfi-Yaghin N, Baradaran B. Nutritional approach for increasing public health during pandemic of COVID-19: A comprehensive review of antiviral nutrients and nutraceuticals. Health Promot Perspect 2021; 11:119-136. [PMID: 34195036 PMCID: PMC8233676 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2021.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is considered as the most life-threatening pandemic disease during the last decade. The individual nutritional status, though usually ignored in the management of COVID-19, plays a critical role in the immune function and pathogenesis of infection. Accordingly, the present review article aimed to report the effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals on respiratory viral infections including COVID-19, with a focus on their mechanisms of action. Methods: Studies were identified via systematic searches of the databases including PubMed/ MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 2000 until April 2020, using keywords. All relevant clinical and experimental studies published in English were included. Results: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is common in severe respiratory infections and should be considered in the management of COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, obesity can be accompanied by decreasing the host immunity. Therefore, increasing physical activity at home and a slight caloric restriction with adequate intake of micronutrients and nutraceuticals are simple aids to boost host immunity and decrease the clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Conclusion: The most important nutrients which can be considered for COVID-19 management are vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A, folate, zinc, and probiotics. Their adequacy should be provided through dietary intake or appropriate supplementation. Moreover, adequate intake of some other dietary agents including vitamin E, magnesium, selenium, alpha linolenic acid and phytochemicals are required to maintain the host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghodratollah Panahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - James R. Hebert
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Lotfi-Yaghin
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rahmah PA, Khairani AF, Atik N, Arisanti N, Fatimah SN. Correlation of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Probiotics for the Digestive System Among Health Science Students. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:1135-1144. [PMID: 34040384 PMCID: PMC8142845 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s305670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics have numerous health benefits to the digestive system, one of them being clinically able to prevent and treat diarrhea. The growing scientific evidence of probiotic benefits has led to increased production of probiotic products. Health science students, as future healthcare professionals (HCPs), should have more knowledge about probiotics to be able to give the right recommendation to their future patients and the larger community. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice towards probiotics of health science students in Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 87 students from Medical Studies, Midwifery, Pharmacy, and Nursing majors in 2020. Proportional cluster random sampling was used to select the study subjects, and an online survey was used to collect the data. Final data were exported to statistics software for analysis. Scores of each variable were categorized. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the statistical differences among the four groups. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice variables. RESULTS Of all respondents, 80% had adequate knowledge. More than half (52.9%) had a positive attitude, and most (62.1%) had a positive practice. There were significant correlations between knowledge-attitude and attitude-practice variables. Most respondents gained information on probiotics from the Internet (26%) and their lecturer (24%). P-value from Kruskal-Wallis test for knowledge, attitude, and practice are 0.466, 0.801, and 0.324, respectively. CONCLUSION Most respondents had an adequate level of knowledge, a positive attitude, and a positive practice towards probiotics. Incorporating scientific evidence regarding probiotics from various studies into all health science majors' academic curricula and media may help equip the students with a better understanding of probiotics, therefore improving probiotics usage to prevent and treat digestive system diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinka Alia Rahmah
- Undergradute Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Astrid Feinisa Khairani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nur Atik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nita Arisanti
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Siti Nur Fatimah
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, West Java, Indonesia
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Sokic-Milutinovic A, Pavlovic-Markovic A, Tomasevic RS, Lukic S. Diarrhea as a Clinical Challenge: General Practitioner Approach. Dig Dis 2021; 40:282-289. [PMID: 33971655 DOI: 10.1159/000517111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is defined as the passage of loose stools and increase in stool frequency, weight, or volume. Diarrhea is an important health issue since it accounts for 2.5 million deaths in the world each year. SUMMARY Diarrhea can be acute, persistent, or chronic. Acute diarrhea (AD) is usually infectious, caused by viruses, less frequently by bacteria and parasites. The majority of cases of AD are self-limiting and do not require diagnostic workup. The use of diagnostic tests in AD should be limited to patients with signs of severe dehydration, bloody stools, persistent fever and those suffering from immunodeficiencies using immunosuppressive therapy or to cases of suspected nosocomial infection. These patients should be referred to gastroenterologists or infectious disease specialists. Therapy in AD consists of early oral refeeding, antidiarrheal medications, antibiotics, and probiotics. Chronic diarrhea (CD) has diverse etiology. The majority of patients have self-limiting symptoms or functional gastrointestinal disorders. Patients with blood in stool, weight loss, clinical and laboratory signs of anemia, and palpable mass in the abdomen (red flag symptoms) need urgent gastroenterology referral. Therapy in CD is possible when the underlying cause of symptoms is identified. KEY MESSAGES The general practitioner should identify high-risk patients with AD and/or red flag symptoms for urgent gastroenterology referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sokic-Milutinovic
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Pavlovic-Markovic
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ratko S Tomasevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Internal medicine, University Clinical-Hospital Centre Zemun-Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snezana Lukic
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Ailioaie LM, Litscher G. Probiotics, Photobiomodulation, and Disease Management: Controversies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094942. [PMID: 34066560 PMCID: PMC8124384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, researchers around the world have been studying intensively how micro-organisms that are present inside living organisms could affect the main processes of life, namely health and pathological conditions of mind or body. They discovered a relationship between the whole microbial colonization and the initiation and development of different medical disorders. Besides already known probiotics, novel products such as postbiotics and paraprobiotics have been developed in recent years to create new non-viable micro-organisms or bacterial-free extracts, which can provide benefits to the host with additional bioactivity to probiotics, but without the risk of side effects. The best alternatives in the use of probiotics and postbiotics to maintain the health of the intestinal microbiota and to prevent the attachment of pathogens to children and adults are highlighted and discussed as controversies and challenges. Updated knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the balance between microbiota and immune system for the introspection on the gut-lung-brain axis could reveal the latest benefits and perspectives of applied photobiomics for health. Multiple interconditioning between photobiomodulation (PBM), probiotics, and the human microbiota, their effects on the human body, and their implications for the management of viral infectious diseases is essential. Coupled complex PBM and probiotic interventions can control the microbiome, improve the activity of the immune system, and save the lives of people with immune imbalances. There is an urgent need to seek and develop innovative treatments to successfully interact with the microbiota and the human immune system in the coronavirus crisis. In the near future, photobiomics and metabolomics should be applied innovatively in the SARS-CoV-2 crisis (to study and design new therapies for COVID-19 immediately), to discover how bacteria can help us through adequate energy biostimulation to combat this pandemic, so that we can find the key to the hidden code of communication between RNA viruses, bacteria, and our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marinela Ailioaie
- Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Ultramedical & Laser Clinic, 83 Arcu Street, 700135 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gerhard Litscher
- Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-83907
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Cui S, Chen C, Gu J, Mao B, Zhang H, Zhao J, Chen W. Tracing Lactobacillus plantarum within the intestinal tract of mice: green fluorescent protein-based fluorescent tagging. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1758-1766. [PMID: 32892354 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus plantarum is an important probiotic with a variety of physiologic functions. Studies have focused on the effects of L. plantarum on host physiology and microbiota, but studies of the fate of strains after they enter the intestine are lacking. In this study, L. plantarum ST-III was genetically engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). Mice were administered ST-III-GFP, and fluorescence imaging was used to study the distribution, location and quantity of strains within 8 h after entry into the intestine. RESULTS The results indicated that genetic modification did not affect the growth of ST-III, tolerance to simulated gastric juice and intestinal fluid or tolerance to antibiotics (with the exception of chloramphenicol). Fluorescence imaging and colony counting indicated that ST-III-GFP can be detected in the small intestine 5 min after oral gavage. After 30 min, nearly all ST-III-GFP was located in the small intestine. After 1.5 h, ST-III-GFP was detected in both the cecum and large intestine. After 4 and 8 h, ST-III-GFP was mainly concentrated in the cecum and large intestine. Compared to the initial amount ingested, the survival rate of ST-III-GFP within the intestine of mice was 10% after 8 h. In addition, a strong linear relationship was found between the fluorescence intensity and the viable count of ST-III-GFP. CONCLUSIONS The obtained data indicate that the amount of ST-III-GFP can be estimated by measuring the fluorescence intensity of this novel strain within the intestinal tract. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co. Ltd, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Cailing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co. Ltd, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, PR China
- Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, PR China
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Moubareck CA. Human Milk Microbiota and Oligosaccharides: A Glimpse into Benefits, Diversity, and Correlations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1123. [PMID: 33805503 PMCID: PMC8067037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk represents a cornerstone for growth and development of infants, with extensive array of benefits. In addition to exceptionally nutritive and bioactive components, human milk encompasses a complex community of signature bacteria that helps establish infant gut microbiota, contributes to maturation of infant immune system, and competitively interferes with pathogens. Among bioactive constituents of milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are particularly significant. These are non-digestible carbohydrates forming the third largest solid component in human milk. Valuable effects of HMOs include shaping intestinal microbiota, imparting antimicrobial effects, developing intestinal barrier, and modulating immune response. Moreover, recent investigations suggest correlations between HMOs and milk microbiota, with complex links possibly existing with environmental factors, genetics, geographical location, and other factors. In this review, and from a physiological and health implications perspective, milk benefits for newborns and mothers are highlighted. From a microbiological perspective, a focused insight into milk microbiota, including origins, diversity, benefits, and effect of maternal diet is presented. From a metabolic perspective, biochemical, physiological, and genetic significance of HMOs, and their probable relations to milk microbiota, are addressed. Ongoing research into mechanistic processes through which the rich biological assets of milk promote development, shaping of microbiota, and immunity is tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Ayoub Moubareck
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai 19282, United Arab Emirates
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Hojsak I, Chourdakis M, Gerasimidis K, Hulst J, Huysentruyt K, Moreno-Villares JM, Joosten K. What are the new guidelines and position papers in pediatric nutrition: A 2015-2020 overview. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:49-63. [PMID: 34024560 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition related publications in pediatric population cover wide range of topics and therefore it is usually difficult for clinicians to get an overview of recent nutrition related guidelines or recommendations. METHODS The Special Interest Group (SIG) of Pediatrics of European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) performed a literature search to capture publications in the last five years aiming to provide the latest information concerning nutritional issues in children in general and in specific diseases and to discuss progression in the field of pediatric nutrition evidence-based practice. RESULTS Eight major topics were identified as the most frequently reported including allergy, critical illness, neonatal nutrition, parenteral and enteral nutrition, micronutrients, probiotics and malnutrition. Furthermore, it was noted that many reports were disease focused or included micronutrients and were, therefore, represented as tables. CONCLUSION Overall, it has been shown that most reports on nutrition topics in pediatrics were systematic reviews or guidelines/position papers of relevant societies, but many of them basing the conclusion on a limited number of high-quality randomized controlled trials or large observational cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hojsak
- Children's Hospital Zagreb, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia; University J.J. Strossmayer Medical School, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Michael Chourdakis
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Jessie Hulst
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Koen Huysentruyt
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Koen Joosten
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Sophia Children's Hospital - Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Brink LR, Chichlowski M, Pastor N, Thimmasandra Narayanappa A, Shah N. In the Age of Viral Pandemic, Can Ingredients Inspired by Human Milk and Infant Nutrition Be Repurposed to Support the Immune System? Nutrients 2021; 13:870. [PMID: 33800961 PMCID: PMC7999376 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, with the advent of a pandemic touching all aspects of global life, there is a renewed interest in nutrition solutions to support the immune system. Infants are vulnerable to infection and breastfeeding has been demonstrated to provide protection. As such, human milk is a great model for sources of functional nutrition ingredients, which may play direct roles in protection against viral diseases. This review aims to summarize the literature around human milk (lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, osteopontin, glycerol monolaurate and human milk oligosaccharides) and infant nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics and postbiotics) inspired ingredients for support against viral infections and the immune system more broadly. We believe that the application of these ingredients can span across all life stages and thus apply to both pediatric and adult nutrition. We highlight the opportunities for further research in this field to help provide tangible nutrition solutions to support one's immune system and fight against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Brink
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Nitida Pastor
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | | | - Neil Shah
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Slough SL1 3UH, UK;
- University College London, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Qiweibaizhu Decoction Treats Diarrheal Juvenile Rats by Modulating the Gut Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, and the Mucus Barrier. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8873294. [PMID: 33531924 PMCID: PMC7834800 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8873294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Qiweibaizhu decoction (QBD), a classic Chinese herbal formula, has been widely used for treating diarrhea in infants and children with spleen deficiency syndrome for centuries, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. The gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and intestinal mucus are closely associated with diarrhea. Methods In this study, the composition of the gut microbiota in diarrheal rats was analyzed by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. The concentrations of colon SCFAs were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The expression of mucin 2 (MUC2) in the colon was detected by immunofluorescence. Results Diarrhea significantly changed the diversity and structure of the gut microbiota and disrupted the mucus barrier in juvenile rats. QBD did not significantly change the diversity and structure of the intestinal flora, but it enhanced the increasing tendencies of Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia and decreased the abundance of Turicibacter (P=0.037) and Flavonifractor (P=0.043). QBD tends to repair the mucus layer and promote MUC2 expression in juvenile rats with diarrhea. Moreover, S. boulardii significantly increased the abundance of Parasutterella (P=0.043). In addition, QBD treatment tends to increase the propionic acid concentration during diarrhea, but its levels of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total SCFAs were lower than those in the S. boulardii group. Conclusion S. boulardii significantly increased the abundance of Parasutterella, leading to increased production of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, consequently leading to alleviation of diarrhea. In comparison, QBD affected diarrhea via regulation of the intestinal flora, especially by increasing the abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia, resulting in mucus barrier repair, protection of the intestines, and treatment of diarrhea.
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