• acute ischemic stroke
• functional outcome
• gut microbiota
• oropharyngeal microbiota
• preceding infection
• upper respiratory tract infections

• Nrf2
• P. gingivalis
• cinnamaldehyde
• inflammation
• intestinal epithelial barrier
• nitric oxide
• oxidative stress

• NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
• Acrolein/analogs & derivatives
• Acrolein/pharmacology
• Animals
• Signal Transduction/drug effects
• Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
• Rats
• Porphyromonas gingivalis/pathogenicity
• Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
• Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
• Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
• Nitric Oxide/metabolism
• Cell Line
• Lipopolysaccharides
• Oxidative Stress/drug effects
• Epithelial Cells/metabolism
• Epithelial Cells/drug effects
• Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
• Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
• Cytokines/metabolism

• SC1GM121282 The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
• R16 GM149440 NIGMS NIH HHS
• R16GM149440 National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
• D34HP00002 HRSA-COE Grant
• U01DE033241 National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
• SC1 GM121282 NIGMS NIH HHS

• dysbiosis
• ectopic colonization
• molecular mechanisms
• noncommunicable diseases
• oral microbiota

• Humans
• Mouth/microbiology
• Microbiota/physiology
• Bacteria/classification
• Dysbiosis/microbiology

• 180575 Swiss National Science Foundation

• Fusobacterium nucleatum
• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• alveolar bone resorption
• bacterial extracellular vesicles
• oral host-microbial interactome
• oral-systemic axis
• periodontitis

• Humans
• Periodontitis
• Alveolar Bone Loss
• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• Inflammation
• Fusobacterium nucleatum/physiology

• Humans
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Microbiota
• Feces
• Vitamins
• Oxidation-Reduction

• Narodowe Centrum Nauki

• 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis
• Endothelial function
• Oral microbiota
• Saliva

• birth
• kittens
• microbiome
• neonatology
• puppies

Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary periopathogen in the initiation and development of periodontal disease. Evidence has shown that P. gingivalis is associated with systemic diseases, including IBD and fatty liver disease. Inflammatory response is a key feature of diseases related to this species.

C57BL/6 mice were administered either PBS, or P. gingivalis. After 9 weeks, the inflammatory response in gut, spleen, and liver was analyzed.

The findings revealed significant disturbance of the intestinal microbiota and increased inflammatory factors in the gut of P. gingivalis-administered mice. Administrated P. gingivalis remarkably promoted the secretion of IRF-1 and activated the inflammatory pathway IFN-γ/STAT1 in the spleen. Histologically, mice treated with P. gingivalis exhibited hepatocyte damage and lipid deposition. The inflammatory factors IL-17a, IL-6, and ROR-γt were also upregulated in the liver of mice fed with P. gingivalis. Lee’s index, spleen index, and liver index were also increased.

These results suggest that administrated P. gingivalis evokes inflammation in gut, spleen, and liver, which might promote the progression of various systemic diseases.

• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• immune response
• inflammation
• intestinal bacteria
• periodontal disease

The oral cavity is an important window for microbial communication between the environment and the human body. The oral microbiome plays an important role in human health. However, compared to the gut microbiome, the oral microbiome has been poorly explored. Here, we analyzed 404 datasets from human oral saliva samples published by the Earth Microbiome Project (EMP) and compared them with 815 samples from the human gut, nose/pharynx, and skin. The diversity of the human saliva microbiome varied significantly among individuals, and the community compositions were complex and diverse. The saliva microbiome showed the lowest species diversity among the four environment types. Human oral habitats shared a small core bacterial community containing only 14 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) under 5 phyla, which occupied over 75% of the sequence abundance. For the four habitats, the core taxa of the saliva microbiome had the greatest impact on saliva habitats than other habitats and were mostly unique. In addition, the saliva microbiome showed significant differences in the populations of different regions, which may be determined by the living environment and lifestyle/dietary habits. Finally, the correlation analysis showed high similarity between the saliva microbiome and the microbiomes of Aerosol (non-saline) and Surface (non-saline), i.e., two environment types closely related to human, suggesting that contact and shared environment being the driving factors of microbial transmission. Together, these findings expand our understanding of human oral diversity and biogeography.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a serious emerging global health problem, and little is known about the role of oropharynx commensal microbes in infection susceptibility and severity. Here, we present the oropharyngeal microbiota characteristics identified by full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing through the NANOPORE platform of oropharynx swab specimens from 10 mild COVID-19 patients and 10 healthy controls. Our results revealed a distinct oropharyngeal microbiota composition in mild COVID-19 patients, characterized by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens such as Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Pseudomonas stutzeri and depletion of Sphingomonas yabuuchiae, Agrobacterium sullae, and Pseudomonas veronii. Based on the relative abundance of the oropharyngeal microbiota at the species level, we built a microbial classifier to distinguish COVID-19 patients from healthy controls, in which P. veronii, Pseudomonas fragi, and S. yabuuchiae were identified as the most prominent signatures for their depletion in the COVID-19 group. Several members of the genus Campylobacter, especially Campylobacter fetus and Campylobacter rectus, which were highly enriched in COVID-19 patients with higher severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load and showed a significant correlation with disease status and several routine clinical blood indicators, indicate that several bacteria may transform into opportunistic pathogen in COVID-19 patients when facing the challenges of viral infection. We also found the diver taxa Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus alactolyticus in the network of disease patients, suggesting that these oropharynx microbiota alterations may impact COVID-19 severity by influencing the microbial association patterns. In conclusion, the low sample size of SARS-CoV-2 infection patients (n = 10) here makes these results tentative; however, we have provided the overall characterization that oropharyngeal microbiota alterations and microbial correlation patterns were associated with COVID-19 severity in Anhui Province.

• COVID-19
• Humans
• Microbiota
• Oropharynx/microbiology
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• SARS-CoV-2

• National Natural Science Foundation of China

The liver carries out a wide range of functions ranging from the control of metabolites, nutrient storage, and detoxification to immunosurveillance. While inflammation is essential for the tissue remodeling and maintenance of homeostasis and normal liver physiology, constant exposure to dietary and microbial products creates a niche for potentially prolonged immune activation and unresolved inflammation in susceptible host. Failure to restrain inflammation can lead to development of chronic liver diseases characterized by fibrosis, cirrhosis and eventually liver failure. The liver maintains close interactions with numerous organs which can influence its metabolism and physiology. It is also known that oral cavity microenvironment can influence the physiological conditions of other organs and emerging evidence implicates that this could be true for the liver as well. Presence of chronic inflammation and dysbiotic microbiota is a common feature leading to clinical pathology both in periodontitis and chronic liver diseases (CLDs). In fact, known CLDs appear to have some relationship with periodontitis, which impacts the onset or progression of these conditions in a bidirectional crosstalk. In this review, we explore the emerging association between oral‐gut‐liver axis focusing on periodontitis and common CLDs including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer. We highlight the immune pathways and oral microbiome interactions which can link oral cavity and liver health and offer perspectives for future research.

• chronic viral hepatitis
• cirrhosis
• fatty liver disease
• hepatocellular cancer
• liver
• periodontal
• periodontitis

• 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis
• Atherosclerosis
• Oral microbiota
• Saliva

• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Atherosclerosis/microbiology
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Biomarkers/metabolism
• Cardiovascular Diseases/microbiology
• Case-Control Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Microbiota
• Middle Aged
• Saliva/microbiology

• Anthocyanins
• absorption
• distribution
• interconversion
• metabolism

• Anthocyanins/metabolism
• Catechol O-Methyltransferase
• Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism
• Intestine, Small/metabolism
• Glucose

• Mendelian Randomization (MR)
• anxiety
• depression
• oral microbiome
• polygenic risk scores (PRS)

• Adaptive Immunity
• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Inflammation
• Insulin Resistance
• Male
• Obesity/metabolism

• T32 AG057461 NIA NIH HHS
• U01 DE025383 NIDCR NIH HHS
• R01 AG079525 NIA NIH HHS
• R01 DE025383 NIDCR NIH HHS
• R01 NS103785 NINDS NIH HHS
• R01 DK108056 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R56 AG069685 NIA NIH HHS

Oral bacteria colonize the oral cavity, surrounding complex and variable environments. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are an efficient biochemical mechanism across all domains of life. Oral bacteria could depend on PTMs to quickly regulate their metabolic processes in the face of external stimuli. In recent years, thanks to advances in enrichment strategies, the number and variety of PTMs that have been identified and characterized in oral bacteria have increased. PTMs, covalently modified by diverse enzymes, occur in amino acid residues of the target substrate, altering the functions of proteins involved in different biological processes. For example, Ptk1 reciprocally phosphorylates Php1 on tyrosine residues 159 and 161, required for Porphyromonas gingivalis EPS production and community development with the antecedent oral biofilm constituent Streptococcus gordonii, and in turn Php1 dephosphorylates Ptk1 and rapidly causes the conversion of Ptk1 to a state of low tyrosine phosphorylation. Protein acetylation is also widespread in oral bacteria. In the acetylome of Streptococcus mutans, 973 acetylation sites were identified in 445 proteins, accounting for 22.7% of overall proteins involving virulence factors and pathogenic processes. Other PTMs in oral bacteria include serine or threonine glycosylation in Cnm involving intracerebral hemorrhage, arginine citrullination in peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), leading to inflammation, lysine succinylation in P. gingivalis virulence factors (gingipains, fimbriae, RagB, and PorR), and cysteine glutathionylation in thioredoxin-like protein (Tlp) in response to oxidative stress in S. mutans. Here we review oral bacterial PTMs, focusing on acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, citrullination, succinylation, and glutathionylation, and corresponding modifying enzymes. We describe different PTMs in association with some examples, discussing their potential role and function in oral bacteria physiological processes and regulatory networks. Identification and characterization of PTMs not only contribute to understanding their role in oral bacterial virulence, adaption, and resistance but will open new avenues to treat oral infectious diseases.

• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• Streptococcus mutans
• bacteria
• bacterial virulence
• physiology
• post-translational modifications

• gut microbiota
• immune barrier
• intestinal barrier
• periodontal pathogens
• tight junction

• Animals
• Bacteria/immunology
• Bacteria/metabolism
• Bacteria/pathogenicity
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/immunology
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/metabolism
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Host-Pathogen Interactions
• Humans
• Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
• Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• Mouth/immunology
• Mouth/metabolism
• Mouth/microbiology
• Periodontal Diseases/immunology
• Periodontal Diseases/metabolism
• Periodontal Diseases/microbiology
• Permeability

A growing body of evidence supports an important role for alterations in the brain-gut-microbiome axis in the aetiology of depression and other psychiatric disorders. The potential role of the oral microbiome in mental health has received little attention, even though it is one of the most diverse microbiomes in the body and oral dysbiosis has been linked to systemic diseases with an underlying inflammatory aetiology. This study examines the structure and composition of the salivary microbiome for the first time in young adults who met the DSM-IV criteria for depression (n = 40) and matched controls (n = 43) using 16S rRNA gene-based next generation sequencing. Subtle but significant differences in alpha and beta diversity of the salivary microbiome were observed, with clear separation of depressed and healthy control cohorts into distinct clusters. A total of 21 bacterial taxa were found to be differentially abundant in the depressed cohort, including increased Neisseria spp. and Prevotella nigrescens, while 19 taxa had a decreased abundance. In this preliminary study we have shown that the composition of the oral microbiome is associated with depression in young adults. Further studies are now warranted, particuarly investigations into whether such shifts play any role in the underling aetiology of depression.

• case-control study
• early implant failure
• edentulous jaw
• multivariable regression analysis

• Alpha diversity
• Altitude
• Beta diversity
• Network
• Oral microbiota

• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• intestinal epithelial cells
• tight junction proteins

• Alzheimer’s disease
• gut microbiome
• microbial amyloid
• neuroinflammation
• oral pathobionts
• therapeutic intervention

• Aged
• Alzheimer Disease/immunology
• Alzheimer Disease/microbiology
• Alzheimer Disease/pathology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans

• Child
• Fruit and Vegetable Juices/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Humans
• Saliva/metabolism
• Saliva/microbiology
• Tea/microbiology
• Yogurt/microbiology

• Anxiety
• Cytokines
• Depression
• Inflammation
• Psychological distress
• Salivary microbiome

• cats
• dogs
• macronutrient
• metabolism
• microbiome
• nutrition
• postbiotic
• prebiotic

• HIV
• bacteria co-occurrence
• gut
• microbiota
• prebiotic intervention
• saliva

• Feces/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• HIV Infections/diet therapy
• HIV Infections/genetics
• HIV Infections/microbiology
• Humans
• Prebiotics
• RNA, Bacterial/genetics
• Saliva/microbiology

Changes in present-day society such as diets with more sugar, salt, and saturated fat, bad habits and unhealthy lifestyles contribute to the likelihood of the involvement of the microbiota in inflammatory diseases, which contribute to global epidemics of obesity, depression, and mental health concerns. The microbiota is presently one of the hottest areas of scientific and medical research, and exerts a marked influence on the host during homeostasis and disease. Fermented foods and beverages are generally defined as products made by microbial organisms and enzymatic conversions of major and minor food components. Further to the commonly-recognized effects of nutrition on the digestive health (e.g., dysbiosis) and well-being, there is now strong evidence for the impact of fermented foods and beverages (e.g., yoghurt, pickles, bread, kefir, beers, wines, mead), produced or preserved by the action of microorganisms, on general health, namely their significance on the gut microbiota balance and brain functionality. Fermented products require microorganisms, i.e., Saccharomyces yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, yielding alcohol and lactic acid. Ingestion of vibrant probiotics, especially those contained in fermented foods, is found to cause significant positive improvements in balancing intestinal permeability and barrier function. Our guts control and deal with every aspect of our health. How we digest our food and even the food sensitivities we have is linked with our mood, behavior, energy, weight, food cravings, hormone balance, immunity, and overall wellness. We highlight some impacts in this domain and debate calls for the convergence of interdisciplinary research fields from the United Nations’ initiative. Worldwide human and animal medicine are practiced separately; veterinary science and animal health are generally neither considered nor inserted within national or international Health discussions. The absence of a clear definition and subsequent vision for the future of One Health may act as a barrier to transdisciplinary collaboration. The point of this mini review is to highlight the role of fermented foods and beverages on gut microbiota and debate if the need for confluence of transdisciplinary fields of One Health is feasible and achievable, since they are managed by separate sectors with limited communication.

• fermented foods
• health benefits
• nutrition
• probiotics

To elucidate tongue coating microbiota and metabolic differences in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with yellow or white tongue coatings.

Tongue coating samples were collected from 53 CHB patients (28 CHB yellow tongue coating patients and 25 CHB white tongue coating patients) and 22 healthy controls. Microbial DNA was extracted from the tongue samples, and the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene V3 region was amplified from all samples and sequenced with the Ion Torrent PGM™ sequencing platform according to the standard protocols. The metabolites in the tongue coatings were evaluated using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) platform. Statistical analyses were then performed.

The relative compositions of the tongue coating microbiotas and metabolites in the CHB patients were significantly different from those of the healthy controls, but the tongue coating microbiota abundances and diversity levels were not significantly different. Compared with the CHB white tongue coating patients, the CHB yellow tongue coating patients had higher hepatitis B viral DNA (HBV-DNA) titers (median 21210 vs 500, respectively, P = 0.03) and a significantly lower level of Bacteroidetes (20.14% vs 27.93%, respectively, P = 0.013) and higher level of Proteobacteria (25.99% vs 18.17%, respectively, P = 0.045) in the microbial compositions at the phylum level. The inferred metagenomic pathways enriched in the CHB yellow tongue coating patients were mainly those involved in amino acid metabolism, which was consistent with the metabolic disorder. The abundances of bacteria from Bacteroidales at the order level were higher in the CHB white tongue coating patients (19.2% vs 27.22%, respectively, P = 0.011), whereas Neisseriales were enriched in the yellow tongue coating patients (21.85% vs 13.83%, respectively, P = 0.029). At the family level, the abundance of Neisseriaceae in the yellow tongue patients was positively correlated with the HBV-DNA level but negatively correlated with the S-adenosyl-L-methionine level.

This research illustrates specific clinical features and bacterial structures in CHB patients with different tongue coatings, which facilitates understanding of the traditional tongue diagnosis.

• 16S rRNA gene sequencing
• Metabolomics
• Chronic hepatitis B
• Tongue diagnosis
• Microbiota

• Adult
• Bacteria/genetics
• Bacteria/isolation & purification
• Bacteria/metabolism
• Case-Control Studies
• DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
• Healthy Volunteers
• Hepatitis B virus/genetics
• Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification
• Hepatitis B, Chronic/diagnosis
• Hepatitis B, Chronic/metabolism
• Hepatitis B, Chronic/microbiology
• Humans
• Male
• Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods
• Metagenomics
• Middle Aged
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Tongue/microbiology

One of the most important scientific discoveries of recent years was the disclosure that the intestinal microflora takes part in bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Scientists suggest that human gut microflora may even act as the “second brain” and be responsible for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although human-associated microbial communities are generally stable, they can be altered by common human actions and experiences. Enteric bacteria, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms, may have a major impact on immune system, brain development, and behavior, as they are able to produce several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators like serotonin, kynurenine, catecholamine, etc., as well as amyloids. However, brain destructive mechanisms, that can lead to dementia and AD, start with the intestinal microbiome dysbiosis, development of local and systemic inflammation, and dysregulation of the gut-brain axis. Increased permeability of the gut epithelial barrier results in invasion of different bacteria, viruses, and their neuroactive products that support neuroinflammatory reactions in the brain. It seems that, inflammatory-infectious hypothesis of AD, with the great role of the gut microbiome, starts to gently push into the shadow the amyloid cascade hypothesis that has dominated for decades. It is strongly postulated that AD may begin in the gut, and is closely related to the imbalance of gut microbiota. This is promising area for therapeutic intervention. Modulation of gut microbiota through personalized diet or beneficial microbiota intervention, alter microbial partners and their products including amyloid protein, will probably become a new treatment for AD.

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Gut microbiome
• Microbial amyloid
• Neuroinflammation
• Therapeutic intervention

• health
• human
• oral diseases
• oral microbiomes
• systematic diseases

• Human Body
• Humans
• Microbiota/physiology
• Mouth/microbiology
• Mouth Diseases/microbiology
• Mouth Diseases/therapy