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Liu KL, Xu SJ, Chen SW, Zhang MJ, Ye N, Li J. Correlation Analysis of Characteristics of Intestinal Microbiota and Cytokine Levels in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome. Nat Sci Sleep 2024; 16:1533-1544. [PMID: 39372894 PMCID: PMC11451461 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s471264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of the intestinal microbiota and cytokine levels in individuals with different degrees of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) as well as to investigate intestinal microbiota imbalances in patients with OSAHS and the associated mechanisms. Methods Based on their sleep apnea hypopnea index (AHI), a total of 37 adults were assigned to a control group, a mild OSAHS group, or a moderate-to-severe OSAHS group. Fecal samples were collected to characterize the intestinal microbiota using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), while blood samples were collected to detect levels of interleukin-17a (IL-17a), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in each group. Results 1. There was no significant difference in the Shannon index among the three groups (P > 0.05). The three groups showed significant difference in the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium adolescentis (with F values of 3.955 and 7.24, respectively, P < 0.05), while showed no significant difference in the relative abundance of B. pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium longum, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (P > 0.05). 2. The three groups showed significant difference in the expression of serum IL-17A and TNF-α levels (with F values of 18.119 and 10.691, respectively, P < 0.05), while showed no significant difference in the expression of IL-10, IL-6, and CRP levels (P > 0.05). 3. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the relative abundance of F. prausnitzii was correlated with changes in BMI and AHI (with β values of 2.585 and -0.157, respectively, P < 0.05), while the relative abundance of B. adolescentis was correlated with changes in IL-17a (with β value of -0.161, P < 0.05). Conclusion The study revealed a significant correlation between intestinal microbiota abundance and cytokine levels, suggesting that gut microbiota disruption in OSAHS patients may be linked to systemic chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-li Liu
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen-jie Xu
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-wen Chen
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min-jie Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ni Ye
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of General Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Zhu Q, Qi N, Shen L, Lo CC, Xu M, Duan Q, Ollberding NJ, Wu Z, Hui DY, Tso P, Liu M. Sexual Dimorphism in Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2023; 15:2175. [PMID: 37432375 PMCID: PMC10180580 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an essential role in regulating lipid metabolism. However, little is known about how gut microbiome modulates sex differences in lipid metabolism. The present study aims to determine whether gut microbiota modulates sexual dimorphism of lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Conventional and germ-free male and female mice were fed an HFD for four weeks, and lipid absorption, plasma lipid profiles, and apolipoprotein levels were then evaluated. The gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After 4-week HFD consumption, the females exhibited less body weight gain and body fat composition and significantly lower triglyceride levels in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and cholesterol levels in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) compared to male mice. The fecal microbiota analysis revealed that the male mice were associated with reduced gut microbial diversity. The female mice had considerably different microbiota composition compared to males, e.g., enriched growth of beneficial microbes (e.g., Akkermansia) and depleted growth of Adlercreutzia and Enterococcus. Correlation analyses suggested that the different compositions of the gut microbiota were associated with sexual dimorphism in body weight, fat mass, and lipid metabolism in mice fed an HFD. Our findings demonstrated significant sex differences in lipid metabolism and the microbiota composition at baseline (during LFD), along with sex-dependent responses to HFD. A comprehensive understanding of sexual dimorphism in lipid metabolism modulated by microbiota will help to develop more sex-specific effective treatment options for dyslipidemia and metabolic disorders in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (Q.Z.)
| | - Nathan Qi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.Q.)
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (Q.Z.)
| | - Chunmin C. Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Meifeng Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (Q.Z.)
| | - Qing Duan
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Ollberding
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Zhe Wu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (N.Q.)
| | - David Y. Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (Q.Z.)
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (Q.Z.)
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (Q.Z.)
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Tong Y, Xu S, Huang L, Chen C. Obesity and insulin resistance: Pathophysiology and treatment. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:822-830. [PMID: 34767960 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is a major cause of many chronic metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. Insulin resistance is often associated with metabolic unhealthy obesity (MUO). Therapeutic approaches aiming to improve insulin sensitivity are believed to be central for the prevention and treatment of MUO. However, current antiobesity drugs are reported as multitargeted and their insulin-sensitizing effects remain unclear. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the mechanisms of insulin resistance from the aspects of endocrine disturbance, inflammation, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). We then summarize the antiobesity drugs, focusing on their effects on insulin sensitivity. Finally, we discuss strategies for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Corb Aron RA, Abid A, Vesa CM, Nechifor AC, Behl T, Ghitea TC, Munteanu MA, Fratila O, Andronie-Cioara FL, Toma MM, Bungau S. Recognizing the Benefits of Pre-/Probiotics in Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Considering the Influence of Akkermansia muciniphila as a Key Gut Bacterium. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030618. [PMID: 33802777 PMCID: PMC8002498 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are diseases that can be influenced by the structure of gut microbiota, whose improvement is often neglected in metabolic pathology. This review highlights the following main aspects: the relationship between probiotics/gut microbes with the pathogenesis of MetS, the particular positive roles of Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in the onset of MetS, and the interaction between dietary polyphenols (prebiotics) with gut microbiota. Therefore, an extensive and in-depth analysis of the often-neglected correlation between gut microbiota and chronic metabolic diseases was conducted, considering that this topic continues to fascinate and stimulate researchers through the discovery of novel strains and their beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Anca Corb Aron
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (R.A.C.A.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Areha Abid
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (R.A.C.A.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Timea Claudia Ghitea
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (T.C.G.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (M.A.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (M.A.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Mirela Marioara Toma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (T.C.G.); (M.M.T.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (T.C.G.); (M.M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-726-776-588
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Yan J, Wang D, Meng Z, Yan S, Teng M, Jia M, Li R, Tian S, Weiss C, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Effects of incremental endosulfan sulfate exposure and high fat diet on lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis and gut microbiota in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115697. [PMID: 33070067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of pollutants on metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus is an emerging field in environmental medicine. Here, we explored the effects of a low-dose endosulfan sulfate (ES), a major metabolite of the pesticide endosulfan and a bio-persistent contaminant detected in environmental and human samples, on the progress of obesity and metabolic disorders. Pregnant CD-1 mice were given ES from gestational day 6 to postnatal day 21 (short-term). After weaning, male pups of exposed dams were provided with a low-fat or a high-fat diet (LFD or HFD) and assessed after an additional 12 weeks. At the same time, one group of male pups continuously received ES (long-term). Treatment with low-dose ES, short or long-term, alleviated the development of obesity and accumulation of hepatic triglycerides induced by HFD. Analysis of gene expression, metabolic profile and gut microbiome indicates that ES treatment inhibits adipogenesis induced by HFD due to enhanced lipid catabolism, fatty acid oxidation and disturbance of gut microbiota composition. However, impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis were still conserved in HFD-fed mice exposed to ES. Furthermore, ES treatment impaired glucose tolerance, affected hepatic gene expression, fatty acids composition and serum metabolic profile, as well as disturbed gut microbiota in LFD-fed mice. In conclusion, ES treatment at levels close to the accepted daily intake during fetal development directly impact glucose homeostasis, hepatic lipid metabolism, and gut microbiome dependent on the type of diet consumed. These findings provide a better understanding of the complex interactions of environmental pollutants and diet at early life stages also in the context of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dezhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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6
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ŠEFČÍKOVÁ Z, BUJŇÁKOVÁ D. Effect of Pre- and Post-Weaning High-Fat Dietary Manipulation on Intestinal Microflora and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Male Rats. Physiol Res 2017; 66:677-685. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of a high-fat (HF) diet during pre- and post-weaning periods on the intestinal microbiota and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in male rats. Nutrition from birth was influenced by feeding rat dams with either a standard or HF diet. After weaning male pups nursed by control dams continued on a standard diet (CC) or HF diet (C→HF), while offspring nursed by HF dams continued on HF diet (HF) or standard diet (HF→C). The numbers of Bacteroides/Prevotella (BAC) and Lactobacillus/Enterococcus (LAB) in the gut were determined by FISH technique. HF pups displayed enhanced adiposity and increased AP activity (19 %), as well as higher LAB (P<0.001) and lower numbers of BAC (P<0.001) in the jejunum and colon than controls. In HF→C rats, post-weaning lower fat intake resulted in decreased fat deposition accompanied by reduced AP activity (20 %) compared to HF rats. Composition of the intestinal microbiota in these rats was not influenced. In contrast, in comparison with controls, C→HF rats displayed higher LAB (P<0.001) and lower BAC (P<0.001) together with increased adiposity and AP activity (14 %). These results indicate that consumption of diet with different fat content could modulate gut microbial/functional conditions depending on the period when the nutritional manipulation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. ŠEFČÍKOVÁ
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Yan J, Guo C, Dawood M, Gao J. Effects of dietary chitosan on growth, lipid metabolism, immune response and antioxidant-related gene expression in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:439-449. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on growth performance, lipid metabolism, gut microbial, antioxidant status and immune responses of juvenile loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Five experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of chitosan (0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 5% CHI) for 50 days. Results of the present study showed that body weight gain was significantly higher in fish fed chitosan supplemented diets in dose dependent manner than control group. Increasing dietary chitosan levels reduced gut lipid content. Meanwhile the mRNA expression levels of intestine lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid binding protein 2 were significantly reduced with incremental dietary chitosan level. The percentages of total monounsaturated fatty acid decreased, while polyunsaturated fatty acid increased with dietary chitosan. The fish fed 0.5% CHI had higher mucus lysozyme activity (LZM) than those fed 0% CHI, but the LZM activity was significantly decreased with advancing chitosan supplement. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase revealed a similar trend, where the highest expressions were found in fish fed 5% CHI diet. In the term of intestine microbiota between 0 and 1% CHI groups, the proportion of bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes increased, whereas the proportion of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes decreased as the fish supplemented chitosan. In conclusion, supplementation of chitosan improved growth performance, antioxidant status and immunological responses in loach.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yan
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China P.R
| | - C. Guo
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China P.R
| | - M.A.O. Dawood
- Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, El Gish St, Qism Kafr El-Shaikh, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
| | - J. Gao
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education/Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China P.R
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Djuric Z. Obesity-associated cancer risk: the role of intestinal microbiota in the etiology of the host proinflammatory state. Transl Res 2017; 179:155-167. [PMID: 27522986 PMCID: PMC5164980 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risks of many cancers. One important mechanism behind this association is the obesity-associated proinflammatory state. Although the composition of the intestinal microbiome undoubtedly can contribute to the proinflammatory state, perhaps the most important aspect of host-microbiome interactions is host exposure to components of intestinal bacteria that stimulate inflammatory reactions. Systemic exposures to intestinal bacteria can be modulated by dietary factors through altering both the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the absorption of bacterial products from the intestinal lumen. In particular, high-fat and high-energy diets have been shown to facilitate absorption of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from intestinal bacteria. Biomarkers of bacterial exposures that have been measured in blood include LPS-binding protein, sCD14, fatty acids characteristic of intestinal bacteria, and immunoglobulins specific for bacterial LPS and flagellin. The optimal strategies to reduce these proinflammatory exposures, whether by altering diet composition, avoiding a positive energy balance, or reducing adipose stores, likely differ in each individual. Biomarkers that assess systemic bacterial exposures therefore should be useful to (1) optimize and personalize preventive approaches for individuals and groups with specific characteristics and to (2) gain insight into the possible mechanisms involved with different preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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Xie ZM, Zhou T, Liao HY, Ye Q, Liu S, Qi L, Huang J, Zuo HJ, Pei XF. Effects of Ligustrum robustum on gut microbes and obesity in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:13042-13054. [PMID: 26676281 PMCID: PMC4674722 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i46.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the anti-obesity and antibacterial effects of Ligustrum robustum (L. robustum) in vivo and in vitro and its possible mechanisms.
METHODS: The effects of L. robustum aqueous extract (LR) on various gut bacteria in vitro were evaluated. The effects of LR on high-fat diet-fed (HFD) rats in vivo were also assessed. Culture methods, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to analyze the effects of LR on gut bacteria. Biochemical tests were also performed to detect the changes in obesity-related indicators after LR treatment.
RESULTS: LR treatment lowered adipose weight and decreased Lee’s index, blood glucose, total cholesterol, and lipid in the tested groups relative to control (P < 0.05). To determine the reasons for these changes, we assessed the potential bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of LR on specific bacterial species in vitro. LR affected the richness, diversity, and evenness of gut bacteria, increased fecal Lactobacillus, and decreased Enterococci in HFD rats (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: L. robustum may be a safe and effective food for weight loss and obesity control, and the effects of L. robustum might be mediated by the regulation of gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W. F. Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Myles IA, Fontecilla NM, Janelsins BM, Vithayathil PJ, Segre JA, Datta SK. Parental dietary fat intake alters offspring microbiome and immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3200-9. [PMID: 23935191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying modern increases in prevalence of human inflammatory diseases remain unclear. The hygiene hypothesis postulates that decreased microbial exposure has, in part, driven this immune dysregulation. However, dietary fatty acids also influence immunity, partially through modulation of responses to microbes. Prior reports have described the direct effects of high-fat diets on the gut microbiome and inflammation, and some have additionally shown metabolic consequences for offspring. Our study sought to expand on these previous observations to identify the effects of parental diet on offspring immunity using mouse models to provide insights into challenging aspects of human health. To test the hypothesis that parental dietary fat consumption during gestation and lactation influences offspring immunity, we compared pups of mice fed either a Western diet (WD) fatty acid profile or a standard low-fat diet. All pups were weaned onto the control diet to specifically test the effects of early developmental fat exposure on immune development. Pups from WD breeders were not obese or diabetic, but still had worse outcomes in models of infection, autoimmunity, and allergic sensitization. They had heightened colonic inflammatory responses, with increased circulating bacterial LPS and muted systemic LPS responsiveness. These deleterious impacts of the WD were associated with alterations of the offspring gut microbiome. These results indicate that parental fat consumption can leave a "lard legacy" impacting offspring immunity and suggest inheritable microbiota may contribute to the modern patterns of human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Myles
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Natalia M Fontecilla
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Brian M Janelsins
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul J Vithayathil
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Julia A Segre
- Epithelial Biology Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Sandip K Datta
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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12
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Walsh AM, Sweeney T, Bahar B, O’Doherty JV. Multi-functional roles of chitosan as a potential protective agent against obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53828. [PMID: 23342013 PMCID: PMC3544718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide comprising copolymers of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine, has been shown to have anti-obesity properties. Two experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) were performed to determine the role of chitosan on dietary intake, body weight gain, and fat deposition in a pig model, as well as identifying potential mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity effect of chitosan. In Exp. 1, the nutrient digestibility experiment, 16 pigs (n = 4/treatment) were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments as follows: 1) basal diet; 2) basal diet plus 300 ppm chitosan; 3) basal diet plus 600 ppm chitosan; 4) basal diet plus 1200 ppm chitosan. The main observation was that crude fat digestibility was lower in the 1200 ppm chitosan group when compared with the control group (P<0.05). In Exp. 2, a total of 80 pigs (n = 20/treatment) were offered identical dietary treatments to that offered to animals in Exp. 1. Blood samples were collected on day 0, day 35 and at the end of the experiment (day 57). Animals offered diets containing 1200 ppm chitosan had a lower daily dietary intake (P<0.001) and body weight gain (P<0.001) from day 35 to 57 when compared with all the other treatment groups. Animals offered diets containing 1200 ppm chitosan had a significantly lower final body weight (P<0.01) when compared with all the other treatment groups. The decreased dietary intake observed in the 1200 ppm chitosan group was associated with increased serum leptin concentrations (P<0.001) and a decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study highlight novel endocrine mechanisms involving the modulation of serum leptin and CRP concentrations by which chitosan exhibits anti-obesity properties in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Walsh
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Mallappa RH, Rokana N, Duary RK, Panwar H, Batish VK, Grover S. Management of metabolic syndrome through probiotic and prebiotic interventions. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16:20-27. [PMID: 22276249 PMCID: PMC3263193 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.91178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder caused by a cluster of interrelated factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is the main precursor for metabolic syndrome that can be targeted in developing various therapies. With this view, several physical, psychological, pharmaceutical and dietary therapies have been proposed for the management of obesity. However, dietary strategies found more appropriate without any adverse health effects. Application of probiotics and prebiotics as biotherapeutics is the new emerging area in developing dietary strategies and many people are interested in learning the facts behind these health claims. Recent studies established the role of probiotics and prebiotics in weight management with possible mechanisms of improved microbial balance, decreased food intake, decreased abdominal adiposity and increased mucosal integrity with decreased inflammatory tone. Hence, the above "Pharmaco-nutritional" approach has been selected and extensively reviewed to gain thorough knowledge on putative mechanisms of probiotic and prebiotic action in order to develop dietary strategies for the management of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi H. Mallappa
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Namita Rokana
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Raj Kumar Duary
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Virender Kumar Batish
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sunita Grover
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Dairy Microbiology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Conterno L, Fava F, Viola R, Tuohy KM. Obesity and the gut microbiota: does up-regulating colonic fermentation protect against obesity and metabolic disease? GENES & NUTRITION 2011; 6:241-60. [PMID: 21559992 PMCID: PMC3145060 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is now considered a major public health concern globally as it predisposes to a number of chronic human diseases. Most developed countries have experienced a dramatic and significant rise in obesity since the 1980s, with obesity apparently accompanying, hand in hand, the adoption of "Western"-style diets and low-energy expenditure lifestyles around the world. Recent studies report an aberrant gut microbiota in obese subjects and that gut microbial metabolic activities, especially carbohydrate fermentation and bile acid metabolism, can impact on a number of mammalian physiological functions linked to obesity. The aim of this review is to present the evidence for a characteristic "obese-type" gut microbiota and to discuss studies linking microbial metabolic activities with mammalian regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, thermogenesis, satiety, and chronic systemic inflammation. We focus in particular on short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced upon fiber fermentation in the colon. Although SCFA are reported to be elevated in the feces of obese individuals, they are also, in contradiction, identified as key metabolic regulators of the physiological checks and controls mammals rely upon to regulate energy metabolism. Most studies suggest that the gut microbiota differs in composition between lean and obese individuals and that diet, especially the high-fat low-fiber Western-style diet, dramatically impacts on the gut microbiota. There is currently no consensus as to whether the gut microbiota plays a causative role in obesity or is modulated in response to the obese state itself or the diet in obesity. Further studies, especially on the regulatory role of SCFA in human energy homeostasis, are needed to clarify the physiological consequences of an "obese-style" microbiota and any putative dietary modulation of associated disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Conterno
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Group, Research and Innovation Centre, FEM-IASMA, 38010, S. Michele a.A, Trento, Italy,
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Zhao X, Liu XW, Xie N, Wang XH, Cui Y, Yang JW, Chen LL, Lu FG. Lactobacillus species shift in distal esophagus of high-fat-diet-fed rats. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:3151-7. [PMID: 21912459 PMCID: PMC3158416 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i26.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the microbiota shift in the distal esophagus of Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat diet.
METHODS: Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into high-fat diet and normal control groups of 10 rats each. The composition of microbiota in the mucosa from the distal esophagus was analyzed based on selective culture. A variety of Lactobacillus species were identified by molecular biological techniques. Bacterial DNA from Lactobacillus colonies was extracted, and 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR using bacterial universal primers. The amplified 16S rDNA products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Every single band was purified from the gel and sent to be sequenced.
RESULTS: Based on mucosal bacterial culturing in the distal esophagus, Staphylococcus aureus was absent, and total anaerobes and Lactobacillus species were decreased significantly in the high-fat diet group compared with the normal control group (P < 0.01). Detailed DGGE analysis on the composition of Lactobacillus species in the distal esophagus revealed that Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri) and Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) comprised the Lactobacillus species in the high-fat diet group, while the composition of Lactobacillus species in the normal control group consisted of L. gasseri, Lactobacillus jensenii and L. reuteri.
CONCLUSION: High-fat diet led to a mucosal microflora shift in the distal esophagus in rats, especially the composition of Lactobacillus species.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review article is to summarize what is currently known about microbes associated with the human body and to provide examples of how this knowledge impacts the care of surgical patients. BACKGROUND Pioneering research over the past decade has demonstrated that human beings live in close, constant contact with dynamic communities of microbial organisms. This new reality has wide-ranging implications for the care of surgical patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Recent advances in the culture-independent study of the human microbiome are reviewed. To illustrate the translational relevance of these studies to surgical disease, we discuss in detail what is known about the role of microbes in the pathogenesis of obesity, gastrointestinal malignancies, Crohn disease, and perioperative complications including surgical site infections and sepsis. The topics of mechanical bowel preparation and perioperative antibiotics are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Heightened understanding of the microbiome in coming years will likely offer opportunities to refine the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of surgical conditions.
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Tamura M, Ohnishi Y, Kotani T, Gato N. Effects of new dietary fiber from Japanese Apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) on gut function and intestinal microflora in adult mice. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2088-99. [PMID: 21731428 PMCID: PMC3127104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12042088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Much attention has been focused recently on functional foods. Ume, the Japanese name for the apricot of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc., is an example of a Japanese traditional functional food. There are, however, few reports on the effects of fiber from this fruit on bowel function. With this objective, we prepared ume fiber to test the hypothesis that it can change gut function and intestinal flora in mice. Mice were fed an ume fiber (UF) or cellulose (CF) diet (control) for 40 days. The fecal weight, fecal lipids, plasma lipids and cecal composition of the microflora were analyzed. The amount of feces was significantly greater in the UF group than in the CF group (p < 0.01). The fecal lipids content (% DW) of the feces sampled on the final day of the experiment were significantly greater in the UF group than in the CF group (p < 0.01). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations tended to be lower in the UF compared to the CF group (p = 0.058). Occupation ratios of Bacteroides and Clostridium cluster IV were significantly greater in the cecal flora of the UF group. Our results suggest that ume fiber possesses the fecal lipid excretion effects and feces bulking effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Tamura
- National Food Research Institute, The National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-298-38-8089; Fax: +81-298-38-7996
| | - Yuriko Ohnishi
- Food Science Research Laboratory, Nakano BC Co. Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.O.); (T.K.); (N.G.)
| | - Tatsuya Kotani
- Food Science Research Laboratory, Nakano BC Co. Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.O.); (T.K.); (N.G.)
| | - Nobuki Gato
- Food Science Research Laboratory, Nakano BC Co. Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, Japan; E-Mails: (Y.O.); (T.K.); (N.G.)
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Sefcíková Z, Kmet V, Bujnáková D, Racek L, Mozes S. Development of gut microflora in obese and lean rats. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2010; 55:373-5. [PMID: 20680574 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-010-0061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The influence was evaluated of post-weaning normal nutrition and over-nutrition upon the development of the intestinal microbiota, the alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) and occurrence of obesity in male Sprague-Dawley rats (from days 21 to 40 the control rats were submitted to ad libitum intake of a standard laboratory diet whereas overfed rats received the same diet supplemented with milk-based high fat liquid diet). The jejunal numbers of two dominant divisions of bacteria, i.e. Firmicutes (Lactobacillus/ Enterococcus--LAB) and the Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides/Prevotella--BAC), were determined using the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method, and the jejunal AP activity was assayed histochemically. On day 40, the overfed rats in comparison with control animals displayed increased adiposity accompanied by enhanced AP activity, abundance of LAB, lower amounts of BAC and, thereafter, higher LAB/BAC ratio (L/B). The numbers of LAB and L/B index positively correlated with body fat, energy intake and AP activity, whereas numbers of BAC showed an opposite tendency. These results revealed the significance of nutritional imprint upon the post-weaning development of intestinal microbial and functional axis and contribute to better understanding of their involvement in energy-balance control and in adverse and/or positive regulation of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sefcíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01, Kosice, Slovakia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity was once rare, but the last few decades have seen a rapid expansion of the proportion of obese individuals worldwide. Recent work has shown obesity to be associated with a shift in the representation of the dominant phyla of bacteria in the gut, both in humans and animal models. This review summarizes the latest research into the association between microbial ecology and host adiposity, and the mechanisms by which microbes in the gut may mediate host metabolism in the context of obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of the effect of excess body fat on the abundances of different bacteria taxa in the gut generally show alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota, and changes during weight loss. The gastrointestinal microbiota have been shown to impact insulin resistance, inflammation, and adiposity via interactions with epithelial and endocrine cells. SUMMARY Large-scale alterations of the gut microbiota and its microbiome (gene content) are associated with obesity and are responsive to weight loss. Gut microbes can impact host metabolism via signaling pathways in the gut, with effects on inflammation, insulin resistance, and deposition of energy in fat stores. Restoration of the gut microbiota to a healthy state may ameliorate the conditions associated with obesity and help maintain a healthy weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Ley
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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