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Zeng H, Safratowich BD, Liu Z, Bukowski MR. Resistant starch inhibits high-fat diet-induced oncogenic responses in the colon of C57BL/6 mice. J Nutr Biochem 2025; 139:109838. [PMID: 39788163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2025.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of dietary fiber for colon health may be due to short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, produced by colonic bacterial fermentation. In contrast, obesogenic diet induced obesity is linked to increased colon cancer incidence. We hypothesize that increasing fiber intake promotes healthy microbiome and reduces bacterial dysbiosis and oncogenic signaling in the colon of mice fed an obesogenic diet. About 5-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to 5 dietary groups (n=22/group) for 24 weeks:(1) AIN93G as a control diet (AIN); (2) a high fat diet (HFD, 45% energy fat); (3) HFD+5% resistant starch enriched dietary fiber (RSF) from maize; (4) HFD+10%RSF; or (5) HFD+20%RSF. Compared to the AIN group, mice receiving the HFD exhibited more than 15% increase in body mass and body fat composition irrespective of RSF dosage. However, the HFD+RSF groups exhibited an increase (>300%) of fecal butyrate but a decrease (>45%) of secondary bile acids in a RSF dose-dependent manner over the HFD group. Similarly, there were concomitant decreases (>25%) in pro-inflammatory plasma cytokines (TNFα, IL-6 and MCP-1), β-catenin and Ki67 protein staining in the colon of the HFD+20%RSF group relative to the HFD group. Furthermore, the abundance of colonic Proteobacteria, signatures of dysbiosis, was decreased (>63%) in a RSF dose-dependent manner compared to the HFD. Collectively, these data indicate that RSF not only increases butyrate but also reduces secondary bile acids, bacterial dysbiosis and β-catenin in the colon of mice fed a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zeng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203.
| | - Bryan D Safratowich
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Michael R Bukowski
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203
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Madani AMA, Muhlisin M, Kurniawati A, Baskara AP, Anas MA. Dietary jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis L.) supplementation enhanced intestinal health by modulating intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34389. [PMID: 39130426 PMCID: PMC11315099 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of supplementing with jack beans on jejunal morphology, cecal short-chain fatty acids production, gene expression both of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junctions. Four treatment groups including 288 Indian River chicks that were one day old were randomized at random. While the treatment groups received jack bean supplementation at levels of 5 %, 10 %, and 15 %, the control group (0 %) was given a basal diet. For 11-35 days, each treatment consisted of 8 pens with 9 birds each. Supplementing with jack beans significantly enhanced butyrate production (P < 0.001), while at 10 % supplementation did not differ from control. Villus height (VH) and the ratio (VH:CD) were significantly (P < 0.001) increased by dietary treatments, while villus width (VW) and crypt depth (CD) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. TLR-3, TNF-a, and IL-6 were all significantly (P < 0.001) increased by dietary supplementation. However, at 15 %, TLR-3 and IL-6 were same with control. IL-18 was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at 15 %. IL-10 decreased significantly (P < 0.001), but at 10 % same with control. At 5 and 10 %, IL-13 increased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas dietary treatments decreased at 15 % compared to control. Although ZO1 decreased significantly (P < 0.001) and OLCN increased significantly (P < 0.001), both ZO1 and OCLN were not significantly different from the control at 15 %. Dietary treatments significantly (P < 0.001) increased CLDN1 but did not differ from the control at 10 %. JAM2 decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with dietary treatments. In conclusion, jack bean supplementation may increase broiler chicken performance and intestinal health due to butyrate production. It may affect intestinal morphology and integrity by upregulating a tight junction protein gene. Jack beans also impacted jejunum immune responses and inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Majid Ahmad Madani
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Department, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Muhlisin Muhlisin
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Department, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Asih Kurniawati
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Department, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Aji Praba Baskara
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Department, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
| | - Muhsin Al Anas
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Department, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
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Chakraborty P, Gamage HKAH, Laird AS. Butyrate as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders. Neurochem Int 2024; 176:105745. [PMID: 38641025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining an optimum microbial community within the gastrointestinal tract is intricately linked to human metabolic, immune and brain health. Disturbance to these microbial populations perturbs the production of vital bioactive compounds synthesised by the gut microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Of the SCFAs, butyrate is known to be a major source of energy for colonocytes and has valuable effects on the maintenance of intestinal epithelium and blood brain barrier integrity, gut motility and transit, anti-inflammatory effects, and autophagy induction. Inducing endogenous butyrate production is likely to be beneficial for gut-brain homeostasis and for optimal neuronal function. For these reasons, butyrate has gained interest as a potential therapy for not only metabolic and immunological disorders, but also conditions related to the brain, including neurodegenerative diseases. While direct and indirect sources of butyrate, including prebiotics, probiotics, butyrate pro-drugs and glucosidase inhibitors, offer a promising therapeutic avenue, their efficacy and dosage in neurodegenerative conditions remain largely unknown. Here, we review current literature on effects of butyrate relevant to neuronal function, the impact of butyrate in a range of neurodegenerative diseases and related treatments that may have potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Chakraborty
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hasinika K A H Gamage
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; ARC Training Centre for Facilitated Advancement of Australia's Bioactives, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Angela S Laird
- Macquarie University Motor Neuron Disease Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Xu Y, Zhou C, Zong M, Zhu J, Guo X, Sun Z. High-protein high-konjac glucomannan diets changed glucose and lipid metabolism by modulating colonic microflora and bile acid profiles in healthy mouse models. Food Funct 2024; 15:4446-4461. [PMID: 38563504 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
High protein and fiber diets are becoming increasingly popular for weight loss; however, the benefits or risks of high protein and fiber diets with a normal calorie level for healthy individuals still need to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the role and mechanisms of long-term high protein and/or konjac glucomannan diets on the metabolic health of healthy mouse models. We found that high konjac glucomannan contents improved the glucose tolerance of mice and both high protein and high konjac glucomannan contents improved the serum lipid profile but increased the TNF-α levels. In the liver, high dietary protein contents reduced the expression of the FASN gene related to fatty acid synthesis. Interactions of dietary protein and fiber were shown in the signaling pathways related to lipid and glucose metabolism of the liver and the inflammatory status of the colon, wherein the high protein and high konjac glucomannan diet downregulated the expression of the SREBF1 and FXR genes in the liver and downregulated the expression of TNF-α genes in the colon compared to the high protein diet. High konjac glucomannan contents reduced the colonic secondary bile acid levels including DCA and LCA; this was largely associated with the changed microbiota profile and also contributed to improved lipid and glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, high protein diets improved lipid homeostasis and were not a risk to metabolic health, while high fiber diets improved glucose and lipid homeostasis by modulating colonic microbiota and bile acid profiles, and a high protein diet supplemented with konjac glucomannan might improve hepatic lipid homeostasis and colonic inflammation in healthy mouse models through long-term intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Chengyu Zhou
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Minyue Zong
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Junwei Zhu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Xutong Guo
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
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Reuter MA, Tucker M, Marfori Z, Shishani R, Bustamante JM, Moreno R, Goodson ML, Ehrlich A, Taha AY, Lein PJ, Joshi N, Brito I, Durbin-Johnson B, Nandakumar R, Cummings BP. Dietary resistant starch supplementation increases gut luminal deoxycholic acid abundance in mice. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2315632. [PMID: 38375831 PMCID: PMC10880513 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2315632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are among the most abundant metabolites produced by the gut microbiome. Primary BAs produced in the liver are converted by gut bacterial 7-α-dehydroxylation into secondary BAs, which can differentially regulate host health via signaling based on their varying affinity for BA receptors. Despite the importance of secondary BAs in host health, the regulation of 7-α-dehydroxylation and the role of diet in modulating this process is incompletely defined. Understanding this process could lead to dietary guidelines that beneficially shift BA metabolism. Dietary fiber regulates gut microbial composition and metabolite production. We tested the hypothesis that feeding mice a diet rich in a fermentable dietary fiber, resistant starch (RS), would alter gut bacterial BA metabolism. Male and female wild-type mice were fed a diet supplemented with RS or an isocaloric control diet (IC). Metabolic parameters were similar between groups. RS supplementation increased gut luminal deoxycholic acid (DCA) abundance. However, gut luminal cholic acid (CA) abundance, the substrate for 7-α-dehydroxylation in DCA production, was unaltered by RS. Further, RS supplementation did not change the mRNA expression of hepatic BA producing enzymes or ileal BA transporters. Metagenomic assessment of gut bacterial composition revealed no change in the relative abundance of bacteria known to perform 7-α-dehydroxylation. P. ginsenosidimutans and P. multiformis were positively correlated with gut luminal DCA abundance and increased in response to RS supplementation. These data demonstrate that RS supplementation enriches gut luminal DCA abundance without increasing the relative abundance of bacteria known to perform 7-α-dehydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Reuter
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Madelynn Tucker
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zara Marfori
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rahaf Shishani
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Miranda Bustamante
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rosalinda Moreno
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael L. Goodson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allison Ehrlich
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ameer Y. Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ilana Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Bioinformatics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California – Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California – Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Xie A, Zhao S, Liu Z, Yue X, Shao J, Li M, Li Z. Polysaccharides, proteins, and their complex as microencapsulation carriers for delivery of probiotics: A review on carrier types and encapsulation techniques. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124784. [PMID: 37172705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics provide several benefits for humans, including restoring the balance of gut bacteria, boosting the immune system, and aiding in the management of certain conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and lactose intolerance. However, the viability of probiotics may undergo a significant reduction during food storage and gastrointestinal transit, potentially hindering the realization of their health benefits. Microencapsulation techniques have been recognized as an effective way to improve the stability of probiotics during processing and storage and allow for their localization and slow release in intestine. Although, numerous techniques have been employed for the encapsulation of probiotics, the encapsulation techniques itself and carrier types are the main factors affecting the encapsulate effect. This work summarizes the applications of commonly used polysaccharides (alginate, starch, and chitosan), proteins (whey protein isolate, soy protein isolate, and zein) and its complex as the probiotics encapsulation materials; evaluates the evolutions in microencapsulation technologies and coating materials for probiotics, discusses their benefits and limitations, and provides directions for future research to improve targeted release of beneficial additives as well as microencapsulation techniques. This study provides a comprehensive reference for current knowledge pertaining to microencapsulation in probiotics processing and suggestions for best practices gleaned from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zifei Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Junhua Shao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Technology, Changzhou University, 213164, Jiangsu, China.
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Pugh JE, Cai M, Altieri N, Frost G. A comparison of the effects of resistant starch types on glycemic response in individuals with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1118229. [PMID: 37051127 PMCID: PMC10085630 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1118229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnoses are predicted to reach 643 million by 2030, increasing incidences of cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities. Rapidly digestible starch elevates postprandial glycemia and impinges glycemic homeostasis, elevating the risk of developing T2D. Starch can escape digestion by endogenous enzymes in the small intestine when protected by intact plant cell walls (resistant starch type 1), when there is a high concentration of amylose (resistant starch type 2) and when the molecule undergoes retrogradation (resistant starch type 3) or chemical modification (resistant starch type 4). Dietary interventions using resistant starch may improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, few studies have explored the differential effects of resistant starch type. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare the effects of the resistant starch from intact plant cell structures (resistant starch type 1) and resistant starch from modified starch molecules (resistant starch types 2-5) on fasting and postprandial glycemia in subjects with T2D and prediabetes. Methods Databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Web of Science) were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials. Standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined using random-effects models. Sub-group analyses were conducted between subjects with T2D versus prediabetes and types of resistant starch. Results The search identified 36 randomized controlled trials (n = 982), 31 of which could be included in the meta-analysis. Resistant starch type 1 and type 2 lowered acute postprandial blood glucose [SMD (95% CI) = -0.54 (-1.0, -0.07)] and [-0.96 (-1.61, -0.31)]. Resistant starch type 2 improved acute postprandial insulin response [-0.71 (-1.31, -0.11)]. In chronic studies, resistant starch type 1 and 2 lowered postprandial glucose [-0.38 (-0.73, -0.02), -0.29 (-0.53, -0.04), respectively] and resistant starch type 2 intake improved fasting glucose [-0.39 (-0.66, -0.13)] and insulin [-0.40 (-0.60, -0.21)]. Conclusion Resistant starch types 1 and 2 may influence glucose homeostasis via discrete mechanisms, as they appear to influence glycemia differently. Further research into resistant starch types 3, 4, and 5 is required to elucidate their effect on glucose metabolism. The addition of resistant starch as a dietary intervention for those with T2D or prediabetes may prevent further deterioration of glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gary Frost
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Hill EB, Baxter BA, Pfluger B, Slaughter CK, Beale M, Smith HV, Stromberg SS, Tipton M, Ibrahim H, Rao S, Leach H, Ryan EP. Plasma, urine, and stool metabolites in response to dietary rice bran and navy bean supplementation in adults at high-risk for colorectal cancer. FRONTIERS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 2:1087056. [PMID: 38469373 PMCID: PMC10927265 DOI: 10.3389/fgstr.2023.1087056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Dietary intake of whole grains and legumes and adequate physical activity (PA) have been associated with reduced colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. A single-blinded, two-arm, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial was implemented to evaluate the impact of a 12-week dietary intervention of rice bran + navy bean supplementation and PA education on metabolite profiles and the gut microbiome among individuals at high risk of CRC. Methods Adults (n=20) were randomized 1:1 to dietary intervention or control. All participants received PA education at baseline. Sixteen study foods were prepared with either heat-stabilized rice bran + navy bean powder or Fibersol®-2 as a placebo. Intervention participants consumed 30 g rice bran + 30 g navy bean powder daily; those in the control group consumed 10 g placebo daily. Non-targeted metabolite profiling was performed by UPLC-MS/MS to evaluate plasma, urine, and stool at 0, 6, and 12 weeks. Stool was also analyzed for primary and secondary bile acids (BAs) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by UPLC-MS/MS and microbial community structure via 16S amplicon sequencing. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare differences between groups for metabolites, and mixed models were used to compare differences between groups for BAs, SCFAs, and alpha and beta diversity measures of microbial community structure. Results Across biological matrices, the intervention resulted in changes to several amino acid and lipid metabolites, compared to control. There was a 2.33-fold difference in plasma (p<0.001) and a 3.33-fold difference in urine (p=0.008) for the amino acid S-methylcysteine at 12 weeks. Fold-differences to 4-methoxyphenol sulfate in plasma and urine after 6 and 12 weeks (p<0.001) was a novel result from this combined rice bran and navy bean intervention in people. A 2.98-fold difference in plasma (p=0.002) and a 17.74-fold difference in stool (p=0.026) was observed for the lipid octadecenedioylcarnitine at 12 weeks. For stool BAs, 3-oxocholic acid was increased at 12 weeks compared to control within a subset of individuals (mean difference 16.2 ug/uL, p=0.022). No significant differences were observed between groups for stool SCFAs or microbial community structure. Discussion Dietary intake of rice bran + navy beans demonstrates beneficial modulation of host and gut microbial metabolism and represents a practical and affordable means of increasing adherence to national guidelines for CRC control and prevention in a high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Hill
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bridget A. Baxter
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Brigitte Pfluger
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caroline K. Slaughter
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Melanie Beale
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health & Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Hillary V. Smith
- Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sophia S. Stromberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Madison Tipton
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Hend Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Heather Leach
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health & Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Colorado School of Public Health, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Dhakal S, Dey M. Resistant starch type-4 intake alters circulating bile acids in human subjects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:930414. [PMID: 36337613 PMCID: PMC9631925 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.930414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistant starch (RS) type 4 (RS4) is a type of RS, a class of non-digestible prebiotic dietary fibers with a range of demonstrated metabolic health benefits to the host. On the other hand, bile acids (BA) have recently emerged as an important class of metabolic function mediators that involve host-microbiota interactions. RS consumption alters fecal and cecal BA in humans and rodents, respectively. The effect of RS intake on circulating BA concentrations remains unexplored in humans. Methods and results Using available plasma and stool samples from our previously reported double-blind, controlled, 2-arm crossover nutrition intervention trial (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01887964), a liquid-chromatography/mass-spectrometry-based targeted multiple reaction monitoring, and absolute quantifications, we assessed BA changes after 12 weeks of an average 12 g/day RS4-intake. Stool BA concentrations were lower post RS4 compared to the control, the two groups consuming similar macronutrients (n = 14/group). Partial least squares-discriminant analysis revealed distinct BA signatures in stool and plasma post interventions. The increased circulating BA concentrations were further investigated using linear mixed-effect modeling that controlled for potential confounders. A higher plasma abundance of several BA species post RS4 was observed (fold increase compared to control in parenthesis): taurocholic acid (1.92), taurodeoxycholic acid (1.60), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (1.58), glycodeoxycholic acid (1.79), and deoxycholic acid (1.77) (all, p < 0.05). Distinct microbiome ortholog-signatures were observed between RS4 and control groups (95% CI), derived using the Piphillin function-prediction algorithm and principal component analysis (PCA) of pre-existing 16S rRNA gene sequences. Association of Bifidobacterium adolescentis with secondary BA such as, deoxycholic acid (rho = 0.55, p = 0.05), glycodeoxycholic acid (rho = 0.65, p = 0.02), and taurodeoxycholic acid (rho = 0.56, p = 0.04) were observed in the RS4-group, but not in the control group (all, p > 0.05). Conclusion Our observations indicate a previously unknown in humans- RS4-associated systemic alteration of microbiota-derived secondary BA. Follow-up investigations of BA biosynthesis in the context of RS4 may provide molecular targets to understand and manipulate microbiome-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moul Dey
- School of Health and Consumer Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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Byrd DA, Gomez M, Hogue S, Murphy G, Sampson JN, Vogtmann E, Albert P, Freedman ND, Sinha R, Loftfield E. Circulating Bile Acids and Adenoma Recurrence in the Context of Adherence to a High-Fiber, High-Fruit and Vegetable, and Low-Fat Dietary Intervention. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2022; 13:e00533. [PMID: 36113023 PMCID: PMC9624497 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diet may affect bile acid (BA) metabolism and signaling. In turn, BA concentrations may be associated with cancer risk. We investigated (i) associations of BA concentrations with adenoma recurrence and (ii) the effect of a high-fiber, high-fruit and vegetable, and low-fat dietary intervention on serum BA concentrations. METHODS The Polyp Prevention Trial is a 4-year randomized, controlled trial that investigated the effect of a high-fiber, high-fruit and vegetable, and low-fat diet on colorectal adenoma recurrence. Among 170 participants who reported adhering to the intervention and 198 comparable control arm participants, we measured 15 BAs in baseline, year 2, and year 3 serum using targeted, quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We estimated associations of BAs with adenoma recurrence using multivariable logistic regression and the effect of the dietary intervention on BA concentrations using repeated-measures linear mixed-effects models. In a subset (N = 65), we investigated associations of BAs with 16S rRNA gene sequenced rectal tissue microbiome characteristics. RESULTS Baseline total BA concentrations were positively associated with adenoma recurrence (odds ratio Q3 vs Q1 = 2.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.19-4.04; Ptrend = 0.03). Although we found no effect of the dietary intervention on BA concentrations, pretrial dietary fiber intake was inversely associated with total baseline BAs (Spearman = -0.15; PFDR = 0.02). BA concentrations were associated with potential colorectal neoplasm-related microbiome features (lower alpha diversity and higher Bacteroides abundance). DISCUSSION Baseline circulating BAs were positively associated with adenoma recurrence. Although the dietary intervention did not modify BA concentrations, long-term fiber intake may be associated with lower concentrations of BAs that are associated with higher risk of adenoma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doratha A. Byrd
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Maria Gomez
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Stephanie Hogue
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Gwen Murphy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Group (CSPRG), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua N. Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Vogtmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Albert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal D. Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Erikka Loftfield
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Liu J, Hefni ME, Witthöft CM, Bergström M, Burleigh S, Nyman M, Hållenius F. Effects of Whole Brown Bean and Its Isolated Fiber Fraction on Plasma Lipid Profile, Atherosclerosis, Gut Microbiota, and Microbiota-Dependent Metabolites in Apoe-/- Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050937. [PMID: 35267913 PMCID: PMC8912725 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of bean consumption are widely recognized and are largely attributed to the dietary fiber content. This study investigated and compared the effects of whole brown beans and an isolated bean dietary fiber fraction on the plasma lipid profile, atherosclerotic plaque amount, gut microbiota, and microbiota-dependent metabolites (cecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and plasma methylamines) in Apoe−/− mice fed high fat diets for 10.5 weeks. The results showed that both whole bean and the isolated fiber fraction had a tendency to lower atherosclerotic plaque amount, but not plasma lipid concentration. The whole bean diet led to a significantly higher diversity of gut microbiota compared with the high fat diet. Both bean diets resulted in a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, higher relative abundance of unclassified S24-7, Prevotella, Bifidobacterium, and unclassified Clostridiales, and lower abundance of Lactobacillus. Both bean diets resulted in higher formation of all cecal SCFAs (higher proportion of propionic acid and lower proportion of acetic acid) and higher plasma trimethylamine N-oxide concentrations compared with the high fat diet. Whole beans and the isolated fiber fraction exerted similar positive effects on atherosclerotic plaque amount, gut microbiota, and cecal SCFAs in Apoe−/− mice compared with the control diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden; (M.E.H.); (C.M.W.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-072-451-6957
| | - Mohammed E. Hefni
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden; (M.E.H.); (C.M.W.); (M.B.)
- Food Industries Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Cornelia M. Witthöft
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden; (M.E.H.); (C.M.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Maria Bergström
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden; (M.E.H.); (C.M.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Stephen Burleigh
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (S.B.); (M.N.); (F.H.)
| | - Margareta Nyman
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (S.B.); (M.N.); (F.H.)
| | - Frida Hållenius
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (S.B.); (M.N.); (F.H.)
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12
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Association between Dietary Factors and Constipation in Adults Living in Luxembourg and Taking Part in the ORISCAV-LUX 2 Survey. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010122. [PMID: 35010999 PMCID: PMC8746799 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation, a disorder of bowel movements, is among the most frequent gastrointestinal complaints in Western countries. Dietary constituents such as inadequate fiber intake have been related to constipation, but discrepancies exist in the findings regarding dietary factors. This study investigated the association between dietary patterns and bowel movements in adults living in Luxembourg. Data from 1431 participants from ORISCAV-LUX 2 (a cross-sectional survey) who completed a 174-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were analyzed. A questionnaire-based constipation score was assessed by a validated scoring system. Confounders such as physical activity and serum/urine indicators were assessed. Women had higher constipation scores than men (p < 0.001). In food group-based regression models, a negative association was found between higher constipation score and intake of grains (Beta = −0.62, 95%CI: −1.18, −0.05) and lipid-rich foods (Beta = −0.84, 95%CI: −1.55, −0.13), while a positive association was found for sugary products (Beta = 0.54, 95%CI: 0.11, 0.97) (p < 0.05). In a nutrient-based regression model, a positive association was found between constipation score and total energy (Beta = 5.24, 95%CI: 0.37, 10.11) as well as sodium intake (Beta = 2.04, 95%CI: 0.21, 3.87), and a negative one was found for total fats (Beta = −4.17, 95%CI: −7.46, −0.89) and starch (Beta = −2.91, 95%CI: −4.47, −1.36) (p < 0.05). Interestingly, neither fruits and vegetables or dietary fiber were significantly associated with constipation. Thus, grains, lipid-rich foods, total fats and starch were associated with a lower constipation score, while sugary products, sodium, and higher energy intake were correlated with higher constipation.
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13
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Characterization of resistant waxy maize dextrins prepared by simultaneous debranching and crystallization followed by acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Resistant Starch Consumption Effects on Glycemic Control and Glycemic Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114052. [PMID: 34836304 PMCID: PMC8621288 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously observed beneficial effects of native banana starch (NBS) with a high resistant starch (RS) content on glycemic response in lean and obese participants. Here, we aimed to determine the effects of NBS and high-amylose maize starch (HMS) on glycemic control (GC) and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) when treatments were matched for digestible starch content. In a randomized, crossover study, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed in 17 participants (aged 28-65 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, both genders) consuming HMS, NBS, or digestible maize starch (DMS) for 4 days. HMS and NBS induced an increase in 24 h mean blood glucose during days 2 to 4 (p < 0.05). CONGA, GRADE, and J-index values were higher in HMS compared with DMS only at day 4 (p < 0.05). Yet, NBS intake provoked a reduction in fasting glycemia changes from baseline compared with DMS (p = 0.0074). In conclusion, under the experimental conditions, RS from two sources did not improve GC or GV. Future longer studies are needed to determine whether these findings were affected by a different baseline microbiota or other environmental factors.
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15
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Resistant starch wheat increases PYY and decreases GIP but has no effect on self-reported perceptions of satiety. Appetite 2021; 168:105802. [PMID: 34774669 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber has numerous health benefits, such as increasing satiety, and is regularly included in healthy dietary recommendations. However, different types and sources of fiber vary in their chemical properties and biological effects. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated the effects of resistant starch type 2 (RS2) from wheat on self-reported perceptions of satiety and associated gut hormones in 30 healthy adults ages 40-65 years of age. Participants consumed rolls made using either RS2-enriched wheat flour or a wild-type flour for one week before a test day during which they ate a mixed meal containing the same roll type. Both self-reported perceptions of satiety and plasma concentrations of gut hormones were measured following the meal to assess whether the RS2-enriched wheat enhanced satiety and suppressed hunger for a longer period than the control wheat. Exploratory analysis indicated that fasting and peak concentration of peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36; qfast = 0.02, qpeak = 0.02) increased, while peak concentration and iAUC of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP; qpeak < 0.001, qiAUC < 0.001) decreased after ingesting RS2-enriched wheat. However, self-reported perceptions of hunger or fullness using visual analog scales (VAS) did not differ following the test meal.
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16
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Byrd DA, Sinha R, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Freedman ND, Sampson J, Loftfield E. An investigation of cross-sectional associations of a priori-selected dietary components with circulating bile acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1802-1813. [PMID: 34477829 PMCID: PMC8574696 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature suggests chronically higher bile acid (BA) concentrations may be associated with multiple health conditions. Diet may affect BA metabolism and signaling; however, evidence from human populations is lacking. OBJECTIVES We systematically investigated cross-sectional associations of a priori-selected dietary components (fiber, alcohol, coffee, fat) with circulating BA concentrations. METHODS We used targeted, quantitative LC-MS/MS panels to measure 15 circulating BAs in a subset of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC; n = 2224) and Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO; n = 986) comprising Finnish male smokers and United States men and women, respectively. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate associations of each dietary component with log-transformed BAs; exponentiated coefficients estimate proportional differences. We included the median of the dietary component quartile in linear regression models to test for trend. RESULTS In ATBC, fiber was inversely associated with multiple circulating BAs. The proportional difference was -10.09% (95% CI: -19.29 to 0.16; P-trend = 0.04) when comparing total BAs among those in the highest relative to the lowest fiber quartile. Alcohol, trans fat, and polyunsaturated fat were positively associated with BAs in ATBC. The proportional difference comparing total BAs among those in the highest relative to the lowest alcohol quartile was 8.76% (95% CI: -3.10 to 22.06; P-trend = 0.03). Coffee and monounsaturated fat were inversely associated with BAs. The proportional difference comparing total BAs among those in the highest relative to the lowest coffee quartile was -24.03% (95% CI: -31.57 to -15.66; P-trend < 0.0001). In PLCO, no dietary components were associated with BAs except fiber, which was inversely associated with tauroursodeoxycholic acid. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol, coffee, certain fat subtypes, and fiber were associated with circulating concentrations of multiple BAs among Finnish male smokers. Given the potential role of BAs in disease risk, further investigation of the effects of diet on BAs in humans is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doratha A Byrd
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Division of Population Science, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Calder N, Walsh K, Olupot-Olupot P, Ssenyondo T, Muhindo R, Mpoya A, Brignardello J, Wang X, McKay E, Morrison D, Holmes E, Frost G, Maitland K. Modifying gut integrity and microbiome in children with severe acute malnutrition using legume-based feeds (MIMBLE): A pilot trial. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100280. [PMID: 34095882 PMCID: PMC8149470 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Case fatality among African children with severe acute malnutrition remains high. We report a 3-arm pilot trial in 58 Ugandan children, comparing feeds targeting disordered gastrointestinal function containing cowpea (CpF, n = 20) or inulin (InF, n = 20) with conventional feeds (ConF, n = 18). Baseline measurements of gut permeability (lactulose:mannitol ratio 1.19 ± SD 2.00), inflammation (fecal calprotectin 539.0 μg/g, interquartile range [IQR] 904.8), and satiety (plasma polypeptide YY 62.6 pmol/l, IQR 110.3) confirm gastrointestinal dysfunction. By day 28, no differences are observable in proportion achieving weight gain >5 g/kg/day (87%, 92%, 86%; p > 0.05), mortality (16%, 30%, 17%; p > 0.05), or edema resolution (83%, 54%, 91%; p > 0.05) among CpF, InF, and ConF. Decreased fecal bacterial richness from day 1 (abundance-based coverage estimator [ACE] 53.2) to day 7 (ACE 40.8) is observed only in ConF (p = 0.025). Bifidobacterium relative abundance increases from day 7 (5.8% ± 8.6%) to day 28 (10.9% ± 8.7%) in CpF (corrected p = 1.000). Legume-enriched feeds support aspects of gut function and the microbiome. Trial registration PACTR201805003381361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala Calder
- Imperial Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Kevin Walsh
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London W12, UK
| | - Peter Olupot-Olupot
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale Campus, Palissa Road, PO Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Tonny Ssenyondo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale Campus, Palissa Road, PO Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Rita Muhindo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale Campus, Palissa Road, PO Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Ayub Mpoya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Jerusa Brignardello
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College, Level 2 Faculty Building, South Kensington Campus, Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xuedan Wang
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Harry Nursten Building, Pepper Lane, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Eleanor McKay
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Douglas Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Rankine Avenue, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College, Level 2 Faculty Building, South Kensington Campus, Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gary Frost
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, DuCane Road, London W12, UK
| | - Kathryn Maitland
- Imperial Centre for Pediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College, St Mary’s Campus Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Institute of Global Health and Innovation, Imperial College, Faculty Building, South Kensington Campus, Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Wing (QEQM) St Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)–Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya
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18
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Characterization of resistant waxy maize dextrins prepared by simultaneous debranching and crystallization. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Trivieri N, Panebianco C, Villani A, Pracella R, Latiano TP, Perri F, Binda E, Pazienza V. High Levels of Prebiotic Resistant Starch in Diet Modulate a Specific Pattern of miRNAs Expression Profile Associated to a Better Overall Survival in Pancreatic Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010026. [PMID: 33383727 PMCID: PMC7824309 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns are well known risk factors involved in cancer initiation, progression, and in cancer protection. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies underline the link between a diet rich in resistant starch (RS) and slowing of tumor growth and gene expression in pancreatic cancer xenograft mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a diet rich in resistant starch on miRNAs and miRNAs-target genes expression profile and on biological processes and pathways, that play a critical role in pancreatic tumors of xenografted mice. miRNA expression profiles on tumor tissues displayed 19 miRNAs as dysregulated in mice fed with RS diet as compared to those fed with control diet and differentially expressed miRNA-target genes were predicted by integrating (our data) with a public human pancreatic cancer gene expression dataset (GSE16515). Functional and pathway enrichment analyses unveiled that miRNAs involved in RS diet are critical regulators of genes that control tumor growth and cell migration and metastasis, inflammatory response, and, as expected, synthesis of carbohydrate and glucose metabolism disorder. Mostly, overall survival analysis with clinical data from TCGA (n = 175) displayed that almost four miRNAs (miRNA-375, miRNA-148a-3p, miRNA-125a-5p, and miRNA-200a-3p) upregulated in tumors from mice fed with RS were a predictor of good prognosis for pancreatic cancer patients. These findings contribute to the understanding of the potential mechanisms through which resistant starch may affect cancer progression, suggesting also a possible integrative approach for enhancing the efficacy of existing cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Trivieri
- Cancer Stem Cells Unit, ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, viale Padre Pio, 7-71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (R.P.)
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, viale dei Cappuccini, 1-71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (A.V.); (F.P.)
| | - Annacandida Villani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, viale dei Cappuccini, 1-71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (A.V.); (F.P.)
| | - Riccardo Pracella
- Cancer Stem Cells Unit, ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, viale Padre Pio, 7-71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (R.P.)
| | - Tiziana Pia Latiano
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, viale dei Cappuccini, 1-71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, 71100 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Perri
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, viale dei Cappuccini, 1-71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (A.V.); (F.P.)
| | - Elena Binda
- Cancer Stem Cells Unit, ISBReMIT, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, viale Padre Pio, 7-71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza” Hospital, viale dei Cappuccini, 1-71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (C.P.); (A.V.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (V.P.)
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20
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Malcomson FC, Willis ND, McCallum I, Xie L, Shivappa N, Wirth MD, Hébert JR, Kocaadam-Bozkurt B, Özturan-Sirin A, Kelly SB, Bradburn DM, Belshaw NJ, Johnson IT, Mathers JC. Diet-Associated Inflammation Modulates Inflammation and WNT Signaling in the Rectal Mucosa, and the Response to Supplementation with Dietary Fiber. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 14:337-346. [PMID: 33115783 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation drives colorectal cancer development, and colorectal cancer risk is influenced by dietary factors, including dietary fiber. Hyperactive WNT signaling occurs in colorectal cancer and may regulate inflammation. This study investigated (i) relationships between the inflammatory potential of diet, assessed using the Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII), and markers of WNT signaling, and (ii) whether DII status modulated the response to supplementation with two types of dietary fiber. Seventy-five healthy participants were supplemented with resistant starch and/or polydextrose (PD) or placebo for 50 days. Rectal biopsies were collected before and after intervention and used to assess WNT pathway gene expression and crypt cell proliferation. E-DII scores were calculated from food frequency questionnaire data. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fecal calprotectin concentrations were quantified. hsCRP concentration was significantly greater in participants with higher E-DII scores [least square means (LSM) 4.7 vs. 2.4 mg/L, P = 0.03]. Baseline E-DII score correlated with FOSL1 (β = 0.503, P = 0.003) and WNT11 (β = 0.472, P = 0.006) expression, after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, endoscopy procedure, and smoking status. WNT11 expression was more than 2-fold greater in individuals with higher E-DII scores (LSM 0.131 vs. 0.059, P = 0.002). Baseline E-DII modulated the effects of PD supplementation on FOSL1 expression (P = 0.04). More proinflammatory diets were associated with altered WNT signaling and appeared to modulate the effects of PD supplementation on expression of FOSL1 This is the first study to investigate relationships between the E-DII and molecular markers of WNT signaling in rectal tissue of healthy individuals.Prevention Relevance: Our finding that more inflammatory dietary components may impact large bowel health through effects on a well-recognized pathway involved in cancer development will strengthen the evidence base for dietary advice to help prevent bowel cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Malcomson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi D Willis
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McCallum
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, United Kingdom
| | - Long Xie
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Michael D Wirth
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - James R Hébert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Betul Kocaadam-Bozkurt
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Aycil Özturan-Sirin
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Seamus B Kelly
- Northumbria Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, North Shields, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel J Belshaw
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ian T Johnson
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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21
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Resistant starch supplementation increases crypt cell proliferative state in the rectal mucosa of older healthy participants. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:374-385. [PMID: 32279690 PMCID: PMC7369377 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that foods containing dietary fibre protect against colorectal cancer, resulting at least in part from its anti-proliferative properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with two non-digestible carbohydrates, resistant starch (RS) and polydextrose (PD), on crypt cell proliferative state (CCPS) in the macroscopically normal rectal mucosa of healthy individuals. We also investigated relationships between expression of regulators of apoptosis and of the cell cycle on markers of CCPS. Seventy-five healthy participants were supplemented with RS and/or PD or placebo for 50 d in a 2 × 2 factorial design in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the Dietary Intervention, Stem cells and Colorectal Cancer (DISC) Study). CCPS was assessed, and the expression of regulators of the cell cycle and of apoptosis was measured by quantitative PCR in rectal mucosal biopsies. SCFA concentrations were quantified in faecal samples collected pre- and post-intervention. Supplementation with RS increased the total number of mitotic cells within the crypt by 60 % (P = 0·001) compared with placebo. This effect was limited to older participants (aged ≥50 years). No other differences were observed for the treatments with PD or RS as compared with their respective controls. PD did not influence any of the measured variables. RS, however, increased cell proliferation in the crypts of the macroscopically-normal rectum of older adults. Our findings suggest that the effects of RS on CCPS are not only dose, type of RS and health status-specific but are also influenced by age.
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22
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Increasing the Hindgut Carbohydrate/Protein Ratio by Cecal Infusion of Corn Starch or Casein Hydrolysate Drives Gut Microbiota-Related Bile Acid Metabolism To Stimulate Colonic Barrier Function. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00176-20. [PMID: 32487741 PMCID: PMC8534727 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00176-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary high protein and low carbohydrate levels compromise colonic microbiota and bile acid metabolism, which underlies a detrimental gut environment. However, it remains unclear if the diet-induced changes in colonic health are due to a change in hindgut nutrient availability and what key intermediates link the microbe-epithelium dialogue. To specifically alter the hindgut nutrient substrate availability, here we used a cecally cannulated pig model to infuse corn starch and casein hydrolysate directly into the cecum to generate a stepwise change of carbohydrate/nitrogenous compound (C/N) ratio. Pigs were cecally infused daily with either saline (Control), corn starch (Starch), or casein hydrolysate (Casein) (n = 8 per group), respectively, for 19 days. After infusion, C/N ratios in colonic digesta were 16.33, 12.56, and 8.54 for the starch, control, and casein groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Relative to the control group, casein infusion showed greater abundance of the bacteria (Eubacterium) capable of bile acid 7α-dehydroxylation (baiJ), higher levels of expression of bacterial genes encoding the baiJ enzyme, and higher levels of secondary bile acid (deoxycholic acid [DCA] and lithocholic acid [LCA]), while the starch infusion showed the opposite effect. Correspondingly, casein infusion downregulated expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and OCLD) and upregulated expression of genes encoding epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The ratio of C/N was linearly related with the concentrations of DCA and LCA and gene expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, and EGFR. Caco-2 cell experiments further showed that DCA and LCA downregulated expression of genes involved in barrier function (ZO-1 and OCLD) and upregulated the gene expression of EGFR and Src. Inhibition of EGFR and Src could abolish DCA- and LCA-induced downregulation of ZO-1, indicating that DCA and LCA impair gut barrier function via enhancing the EGFR-Src pathway. These results suggest that the ratio of C/N in the large intestine is an important determinant of microbial metabolism and gut barrier function in the colon. The findings provide evidence that microbe-related secondary bile acid metabolism may mediate the interplay between microbes and gut barrier function. IMPORTANCE High-fiber or high-protein diets could alter gut microbiota and health in the large intestine, but factors involved in the effects remain unclear. The present study for the first time demonstrates that the starch- and casein-induced C/N ratio in the hindgut is an important factor. Using the cannulated pig model, we found that the distinct C/N ratio induced by cecal infusion of corn starch or casein hydrolysate was linearly correlated with microbial metabolites (secondary bile acids) and tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and OCLD). Cell culture study further demonstrates that the gut microbial metabolites (DCA and LCA) could impair the intestinal barrier function via the EGFR-Src pathway. These suggest that DCA and LCA were key metabolites mediating microbe-epithelium dialogue when the hindgut C/N ratios were altered by cecal infusion of corn starch or casein hydrolysate. These findings provide new insight into the impact of C/N ratio in the large intestine on colonic health and provide a new framework for therapeutic strategy in gut health through targeted manipulation of hindgut microbiota by increasing the carbohydrate level in the large intestine.
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23
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Rao M, Gao C, Hou J, Gu J, Law BYK, Xu Y. Non-Digestible Carbohydrate and the Risk of Colorectal Neoplasia: A Systematic Review. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:31-44. [PMID: 32202158 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1742360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-digestible carbohydrate (NDC) is a fiber that can be fermented into short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in gut, represented by resistant starch (RS) and inulin. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant cancer. Pre-clinical studies have reported that NDC can produce SCFAs to protect the gut epithelium, which is associated with prevention of CRC, but this role in clinical trails is controversial. In this review, we discusses whether RS and inulin should be offered to cancer/precancerous patients or healthy subjects to decrease their risk of CRC. A multiple database search was conducted for studies published on RS/inulin supplementation as a chemopreventive method from 1989 to 2019. The meta-analysis showed the total SCFAs and butyrate concentrations (P = 0.84; P = 0.79), and excretions (P = 0.55; P = 0.63) in feces did not increase significantly after RS/inulin supplementation. Only two studies reported that RS/inulin inhibit the proliferation of large bowel epithelial, whereas 15 studies showed that it does not decrease the risk of neoplasia. RS/inulin restored the promotion of tumor risk factors in two studies and did not in four studies. Notably, the other four studies showed that RS increases pro-tumorigenesis mechanisms. The clinical evidences consistently show that RS/inulin is ineffective for preventing colorectal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenlin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Junling Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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24
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Tian Y, Li M, Tang A, Jane JL, Dhital S, Guo B. RS Content and eGI Value of Cooked Noodles (I): Effect of Cooking Methods. Foods 2020; 9:E328. [PMID: 32168825 PMCID: PMC7143191 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noodles are widely consumed in China, which can be cooked in different ways. The effects of different cooking methods (boiling, steaming, microwave heating, stir-frying and frying) on the resistance starch (RS) content and digestive properties (digestion rate, digestibility and estimated glycemic index (eGI) value) of noodles were investigated. The RS content was greatly affected by the cooking time, and it was varied when the noodles were optimally cooked using different cooking methods. The RS contents of the microwaved and stir-fried noodles were relatively high (0.59%-0.99%), but it was lower (0.43%-0.44%) in the boiled and steamed noodles. Microwaved noodles showed the slowest digestion rate and the lowest eGI. Due to the limited water within fried noodles, none RS was found in the fried noodles, whereas stir-fried noodles showed RS5 formation from the XRD and DSC results. Compared with boiled and steamed noodles, the microwaved noodles showed a more compact morphology without porous holes on the surface, whereas fried noodles showed irregular morphology. The results indicated that the digestive properties of noodles made with the same ingredients can be greatly altered by using different cooking methods, and the digestive properties of different cooked noodles are worthy of confirmation using in vivo analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Aoxing Tang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Jay-Lin Jane
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Sushil Dhital
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Boli Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, CAAS/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.T.); (A.T.)
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25
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O'Keefe SJ. The association between dietary fibre deficiency and high-income lifestyle-associated diseases: Burkitt's hypothesis revisited. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:984-996. [PMID: 31696832 PMCID: PMC6944853 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1969, Denis Burkitt published an article titled "Related disease-related cause?", which became the foundation for Burkitt's hypothesis. Working in Uganda, he noted that middle-aged people (40-60 years old) had a much lower incidence of diseases that were common in similarly aged people living in England, including colon cancer, diverticulitis, appendicitis, hernias, varicose veins, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and asthma, all of which are associated with lifestyles commonly led in high-income countries (HICs; also known as western diseases). Following Cleave's common cause hypothesis-which suggests that if a group of diseases occur together in the same population or individual, they are likely to have a common cause-Burkitt attributed these diseases to the small quantities of dietary fibre consumed in HICs due mainly to the over-processing of natural foods. Nowadays, dietary fibre intake in HICs is around 15 g/day (well below the amount of fibre Burkitt advocated of >50 g/day-which is associated with diets from rural, southern and eastern sub-Sahalean Africa). Since Burkitt's death in 1993, his hypothesis has been verified and extended by large-scale epidemiological studies, which have reported that fibre deficiency increases the risk of colon, liver, and breast cancer and increases all cancer mortality and death from cardiovascular, infectious, and respiratory diseases, diabetes, and all non-cardiovascular, non-cancer causes. Furthermore, mechanistic studies have now provided molecular explanations for these associations, typified by the role of short-chain fatty acids, products of fibre fermentation in the colon, in suppressing colonic mucosal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Evidence suggests that short-chain fatty acids can affect the epigenome through metabolic regulatory receptors in distant organs, and that this can reduce obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, allergy, and cancer. Diseases associated with high-income lifestyles are the most serious threat to health in developed countries, and public and governmental awareness needs to be improved to urge an increase in intake of fibre-rich foods. This Viewpoint will summarise the evidence that suggests that increasing dietary fibre intake to 50 g/day is likely to increase lifespan, improve the quality of life during the added years, and substantially reduce health-care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J O'Keefe
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; African Microbiome Institute, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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26
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Yamamura R, Nakamura K, Kitada N, Aizawa T, Shimizu Y, Nakamura K, Ayabe T, Kimura T, Tamakoshi A. Associations of gut microbiota, dietary intake, and serum short-chain fatty acids with fecal short-chain fatty acids. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2019; 39:11-17. [PMID: 32010539 PMCID: PMC6971417 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.19-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been reported to play an important role in maintaining human health. Fecal SCFA concentrations correlate well with colonic SCFA status
and gut microbiota composition. However, the associations with the gut microbiota functional pathway, dietary intake, blood SCFAs, and fecal SCFAs remain uncertain. To clarify these
relationships, we collected fecal samples, blood samples, and dietary habit data from 12 healthy adults aged 22–51 years. The relative abundance of several SCFA-producing bacteria, gut
microbiota diversity, and functional pathways related to SCFA biosynthesis were positively associated with fecal SCFAs even after adjusting for age and sex. Furthermore, fecal acetate was
likely to be positively associated with serum acetate. By contrast, dietary intake was not associated with fecal SCFAs. Overall, the present study highlights the potential usefulness of
fecal SCFAs as an indicator of the gut microbiota ecosystem and dynamics of SCFAs in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryodai Yamamura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Koshi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoya Kitada
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yu Shimizu
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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27
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Lee N, Seo JM, Kim HS, Seo DH, Kim J, Choi H, Lee BH. Citric-acid treatment during rice processing increases the level of slowly digestible starch with a potential to regulate the post-prandial blood glucose level. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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A Reasonable Diet Promotes Balance of Intestinal Microbiota: Prevention of Precolorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3405278. [PMID: 31428633 PMCID: PMC6683831 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3405278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer includes genetics, age, chronic inflammation, and lifestyle. Increasing attention has recently been paid to dietary factors. Evidence from epidemiological studies and clinical research suggests that high-fibre diets can significantly reduce the incidence of CRC, whilst the consumption of high-fat diets, high-protein diets, red meat, and processed meat is high-risk factors for tumorigenesis. Fibre is a regulator of intestinal microflora and metabolism and is thus a key dietary component for maintaining intestinal health. Intestinal microbes are closely linked to CRC, with the growth of certain microbiota (such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, or Bacteroides fragilis) favouring carcinogenesis, whilst the dominant microbiota population of the intestine, such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria, have multiple mechanisms of antitumour activity. Various dietary components have direct effects on the types of intestinal microflora: in the Western diet mode (high-fat, high-protein, and red meat), the proportion of conditional pathogens in the intestinal flora increases, the proportion of commensal bacteria decreases, and the occurrence of colorectal cancer is promoted. Conversely, a high-fibre diet can increase the abundance of Firmicutes and reduce the abundance of Bacteroides and consequently increase the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestine, inhibiting the development of CRC. This article reviews the study of the relationship between diet, intestinal microbes, and the promotion or inhibition of CRC and analyses the relevant molecular mechanisms to provide ideas for the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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29
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Wang Y, Mortimer EK, Katundu KGH, Kalanga N, Leong LEX, Gopalsamy GL, Christophersen CT, Richard AC, Shivasami A, Abell GCJ, Young GP, Rogers GB. The Capacity of the Fecal Microbiota From Malawian Infants to Ferment Resistant Starch. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1459. [PMID: 31316490 PMCID: PMC6611432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), weaning is associated with environmentally acquired and inflammation-associated enteric disorders. Dietary intake of high amylose maize starch (HAMS) can promote commensal fermentative bacteria and drive the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). By stabilizing commensal gut microbiology, and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory metabolites, HAMS supplementation might therefore influence enteric health. However, the extent to which the gut microbiota of LMIC infants are capable of fermenting HAMS is unclear. We assessed the capacity of the fecal microbiota from pre-weaning and weaning Malawian infants to ferment HAMS and produce SCFAs using an in vitro fermentation model. Fecal microbiota from both pre-weaning and weaning infants were able to ferment HAMS, as indicated by an increase in bacterial load and total SCFA concentration, and a reduction in pH. All of these changes were more substantial in the weaning group. Acetate production was observed with both pre-weaning and weaning groups, while propionate production was only observed in the weaning group. HAMS fermentation resulted in significant alterations to the fecal microbial community in the weaning group, with significant increases in levels of Prevotella, Veillonella, and Collinsella associated with propionate production. In conclusion, fecal microbiota from Malawian infants before and during weaning has the capacity to produce acetate through HAMS fermentation, with propionate biosynthetic capability appearing only at weaning. Our results suggest that HAMS supplementation might provide benefit to infants during weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Elissa K. Mortimer
- Flinders University Global GI Health Unit, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kondwani G. H. Katundu
- Division of Physiology, Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Noel Kalanga
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, School of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lex E. X. Leong
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Geetha L. Gopalsamy
- Flinders University Global GI Health Unit, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Claus T. Christophersen
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- School of Molecular & Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alyson C. Richard
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aravind Shivasami
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Guy C. J. Abell
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Graeme P. Young
- Flinders University Global GI Health Unit, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Geraint B. Rogers
- Infection and Immunity Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- SAHMRI Microbiome Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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30
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Wan Y, Yuan J, Li J, Li H, Zhang J, Tang J, Ni Y, Huang T, Wang F, Zhao F, Li D. Unconjugated and secondary bile acid profiles in response to higher-fat, lower-carbohydrate diet and associated with related gut microbiota: A 6-month randomized controlled-feeding trial. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:395-404. [PMID: 30876827 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Observational studies have shown that diets high in fat and low in dietary fiber, might have an unfavorable impact on bile acid (BA) profiles, which might further affect host cardiometabolic health. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary fat content on BA profiles and associated gut microbiota, and their correlates with cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS In a randomized controlled-feeding trial, healthy young adults were assigned to one of the three diets: a lower-fat diet (fat 20%, carbohydrate 66% and protein 14%), a moderate-fat diet (fat 30%, carbohydrate 56% and protein 14%) and a higher-fat diet (fat 40%, carbohydrate 46% and protein 14%) for 6 months. All the foods were provided during the entire intervention period. The BA profiles, associated gut microbiota and markers of cardiometabolic risk factors were determined before and after intervention. RESULTS The higher-fat diet resulted in an elevated concentration of total BAs (p < 0.001), and unconjugated BAs (p = 0.03) compared with lower-fat diet. Secondary BAs, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), 12ketolithocholic acid (12keto-LCA), 3β-DCA and taurolithocholic acid (TLCA) (p < 0.05 after FDR correction) were significantly increased in the higher-fat diet group after the 6-month intervention. Consistently, the abundances of gut bacteria (Bacteroides, Clostridium, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) which affect bile salt hydrolase gene expression were significantly increased after higher-fat consumption. The change of DCA was positively associated with the relative abundance of Bacteroides (r = 0.31, p = 0.08 after FDR correction). In addition, the changes of fecal concentrations of DCA and 12keto-LCA were positively associated with serum total cholesterol (r > 0.3, p = 0.02 and p = 0.008 after FDR correction, respectively). In line with these findings, serum fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) was marginally significantly elevated in the higher-fat group after intervention (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The higher-fat diet resulted in an alteration of BAs, especially unconjugated BAs and secondary BAs, most likely through actions of gut microbiota. These alterations might confer potentially unfavorable impacts on colonic and host cardiometabolic health in healthy young adults. Clinical trial registry number: NCT02355795 listed on NIH website: ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jihong Yuan
- No. 1 Department of Nutrition, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- No. 1 Department of Nutrition, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Ni
- The Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fenglei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Zhao
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Deroover L, Tie Y, Verspreet J, Courtin CM, Verbeke K. Modifying wheat bran to improve its health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1104-1122. [PMID: 30632785 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1558394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of wheat bran (WB) has been associated with improved gastrointestinal health and a reduced risk for colorectal cancer, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. These benefits are likely mediated by a combination of mechanisms, including colonic fermentation of the WB fiber, fecal bulking and the prevention of oxidative damage due to its antioxidant capacities. The relative importance of those mechanisms is not known and may differ for each health effect. WB has been modified by reducing particle size, heat treatment or modifying tissue composition to improve its technological properties and facilitate bread making processes. However, the impact of those modifications on human health has not been fully elucidated. Some modifications reinforce whereas others attenuate the health effects of coarse WB. This review summarizes available WB modifications, the mechanisms by which WB induces health benefits, the impact of WB modifications thereon and the available evidence for these effects from in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Deroover
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yaxin Tie
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ghaffarzadegan T, Zhong Y, Fåk Hållenius F, Nyman M. Effects of barley variety, dietary fiber and β-glucan content on bile acid composition in cecum of rats fed low- and high-fat diets. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 53:104-110. [PMID: 29202273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance have been linked to changes in bile acid (BA) profiles, which in turn are highly dependent on the dietary composition and activity of the gut microbiota. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the type and level of fiber had an effect on cecal BA composition when included in low- and high-fat diets. Groups of rats were fed two barley varieties, which resulted in three test diets containing three levels of β-glucans and two levels of dietary fiber. BAs were preconcentrated using hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and quantified by gas chromatography. The amount of the secondary BAs, lithocholic-, deoxycholic- and hyodexycholic acids was generally higher in groups fed high-fat diets compared with corresponding acids in groups fed low-fat diets (P<.05). In contrast, most of the primary and the secondary BAs, ursodeoxycholic acid and β- and ω-muricholic acids, were two to five times higher (P<.05) in groups fed low-fat diets than in groups fed high-fat diets. This was particularly true for groups fed the highest level of β-glucans and in some cases also the medium level. The BA profile in the gut was strongly dependent on the amount and type of dietary fiber in the diet, which may be useful in the prevention/treatment of diseases associated with changes in BA profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Ghaffarzadegan
- Food for Health Science Centre, Kemicentrum, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yadong Zhong
- Food for Health Science Centre, Kemicentrum, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida Fåk Hållenius
- Food for Health Science Centre, Kemicentrum, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Nyman
- Food for Health Science Centre, Kemicentrum, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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van der Beek CM, Dejong CHC, Troost FJ, Masclee AAM, Lenaerts K. Role of short-chain fatty acids in colonic inflammation, carcinogenesis, and mucosal protection and healing. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:286-305. [PMID: 28402523 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate, produced by microbial fermentation of undigested food substances are believed to play a beneficial role in human gut health. Short-chain fatty acids influence colonic health through various mechanisms. In vitro and ex vivo studies show that SCFAs have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects, play an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in colonocytes, and protect colonocytes from external harm. Animal studies have found substantial positive effects of SCFAs or dietary fiber on colonic disease, but convincing evidence in humans is lacking. Most human intervention trials have been conducted in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. Only a limited number of those trials are of high quality, showing little or no favorable effect of SCFA treatment over placebo. Opportunities for future research include exploring the use of combination therapies with anti-inflammatory drugs, prebiotics, or probiotics; the use of prodrugs in the setting of carcinogenesis; or the direct application of SCFAs to improve mucosal healing after colonic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M van der Beek
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H C Dejong
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Freddy J Troost
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ad A M Masclee
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, F.J. Troost, A.A.M. Masclee, and K. Lenaerts are with Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands. C.M. van der Beek, C.H.C. Dejong, and K. Lenaerts are with the Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. C.H.C. Dejong is with the School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands. F.J. Troost and A.A.M. Masclee are with the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to summarize the available literatures, specifically in the following areas: metabolic and other side effects of aspartame; microbiota changes/dysbiosis and its effect on the gut-brain axis; changes on gut microbiota as a result of aspartame usage; metabolic effects (weight gain and glucose intolerance) of aspartame due to gut dysbiosis; and postulated effects of dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis on other aspartame side-effects (neurophysiological symptoms and immune dysfunction).
Design/methodology/approach
Aspartame is rapidly becoming a public health concern because of its purported side-effects especially neurophysiological symptom and immune dysregulation. It is also paradoxical that metabolic consequences including weight gain and impaired blood glucose levels have been observed in consumers. Exact mechanisms of above side-effects are unclear, and data are scarce but aspartame, and its metabolites may have caused disturbance in the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
Findings
Additional studies investigating the impact of aspartame on gut microbiota and metabolic health are needed.
Originality/value
Exact mechanism by which aspartame-induced gut dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction requires further investigation.
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Bindels LB, Segura Munoz RR, Gomes-Neto JC, Mutemberezi V, Martínez I, Salazar N, Cody EA, Quintero-Villegas MI, Kittana H, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Schmaltz RJ, Muccioli GG, Walter J, Ramer-Tait AE. Resistant starch can improve insulin sensitivity independently of the gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:12. [PMID: 28166818 PMCID: PMC5294823 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, have reached epidemic proportions in industrialized nations, and dietary interventions for their prevention are therefore important. Resistant starches (RS) improve insulin sensitivity in clinical trials, but the mechanisms underlying this health benefit remain poorly understood. Because RS fermentation by the gut microbiota results in the formation of physiologically active metabolites, we chose to specifically determine the role of the gut microbiota in mediating the metabolic benefits of RS. To achieve this goal, we determined the effects of RS when added to a Western diet on host metabolism in mice with and without a microbiota. RESULTS RS feeding of conventionalized mice improved insulin sensitivity and redressed some of the Western diet-induced changes in microbiome composition. However, parallel experiments in germ-free littermates revealed that RS-mediated improvements in insulin levels also occurred in the absence of a microbiota. RS reduced gene expression of adipose tissue macrophage markers and altered cecal concentrations of several bile acids in both germ-free and conventionalized mice; these effects were strongly correlated with the metabolic benefits, providing a potential microbiota-independent mechanism to explain the physiological effects of RS. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that some metabolic benefits exerted by dietary RS, especially improvements in insulin levels, occur independently of the microbiota and could involve alterations in the bile acid cycle and adipose tissue immune modulation. This work also sets a precedent for future mechanistic studies aimed at establishing the causative role of the gut microbiota in mediating the benefits of bioactive compounds and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure B Bindels
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rafael R Segura Munoz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - João Carlos Gomes-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inés Martínez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Elizabeth A Cody
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Hatem Kittana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Robert J Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the so-called westernized diseases and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. On the basis of global epidemiological and scientific studies, evidence suggests that the risk of colorectal cancer is increased by processed and unprocessed meat consumption but suppressed by fibre, and that food composition affects colonic health and cancer risk via its effects on colonic microbial metabolism. The gut microbiota can ferment complex dietary residues that are resistant to digestion by enteric enzymes. This process provides energy for the microbiota but culminates in the release of short-chain fatty acids including butyrate, which are utilized for the metabolic needs of the colon and the body. Butyrate has a remarkable array of colonic health-promoting and antineoplastic properties: it is the preferred energy source for colonocytes, it maintains mucosal integrity and it suppresses inflammation and carcinogenesis through effects on immunity, gene expression and epigenetic modulation. Protein residues and fat-stimulated bile acids are also metabolized by the microbiota to inflammatory and/or carcinogenic metabolites, which increase the risk of neoplastic progression. This Review will discuss the mechanisms behind these microbial metabolite effects, which could be modified by diet to achieve the objective of preventing colorectal cancer in Western societies.
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Mora-Escobedo R, Osorio-Diaz P, Garcia-Rosas MI, Bello-Perez A, Hernandez-Unzon H. Changes in Selected Nutrients and Microstructure of White Starch Quality Maize and Common Maize During Tortilla Preparation and Storage. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013204043885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Raw maize, masa, and fresh and stored tortillas of white starch quality maize (Costeno) and common maize were analysed for chemical composition, dietary fibre, digestible (DS) and resistant (RS) starches. Changes in starch crystallinity and microstructure were also evaluated. Protein content was lower in masa and tortillas than in the original maize samples. Insoluble (IDF) and soluble (SDF) dietary fibres were higher in Costeno than in common maize, but stored tortillas showed the highest value in both samples. DS decreased and RS increased during tortillas storage, made with both starches. The development of RS explained the observed decrease in DS in masa (enthalpy of gelatinisation). Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed peak gelatinisation temperatures (Tp) of 75.1 and 69.4 C for Costeno and common maize respectively. Masa of common maize showed a second transition endotherm (Tp, 108.9 C) which corresponded to amylose–lipid complexation. Tortillas with 5 and 10 days of storage showed an endothermic event at 53 and 55.7, and 54.5 and 59.9 C for Costeno and common maize respectively, due to starch retrogradation. These values were in accordance with the higher total RS contents recorded after prolonged storage. Microscopic structures for masa and fresh tortillas showed that the high temperature imposed on the masa and the influence of mechanical stress during tortillas making were great enough to disrupt starch granules. In general, structural changes were in agreement with changes in starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Mora-Escobedo
- Departamento de Graduados en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, D.F. C.P. 11340, México
| | - P. Osorio-Diaz
- Departamento de Graduados en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, D.F. C.P. 11340, México;Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, IPN, km 8.5 carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Mor. C.P. 62731, Mexico
| | - M. I. Garcia-Rosas
- Departamento de Graduados en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, D.F. C.P. 11340, México
| | - A. Bello-Perez
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, IPN, km 8.5 carretera Yautepec-Jojutla, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Mor. C.P. 62731, Mexico
| | - H. Hernandez-Unzon
- Departamento de Graduados en Alimentos, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Col. Sto. Tomás, D.F. C.P. 11340, México
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Hald S, Schioldan AG, Moore ME, Dige A, Lærke HN, Agnholt J, Bach Knudsen KE, Hermansen K, Marco ML, Gregersen S, Dahlerup JF. Effects of Arabinoxylan and Resistant Starch on Intestinal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomised Crossover Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159223. [PMID: 27434092 PMCID: PMC4951149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the intestinal microbiota has been emphasised as an important contributor to the development of metabolic syndrome. Dietary fibre may exert beneficial effects through modulation of the intestinal microbiota and metabolic end products. We investigated the effects of a diet enriched with two different dietary fibres, arabinoxylan and resistant starch type 2, on the gut microbiome and faecal short-chain fatty acids. Nineteen adults with metabolic syndrome completed this randomised crossover study with two 4-week interventions of a diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch and a low-fibre Western-style diet. Faecal samples were collected before and at the end of the interventions for fermentative end-product analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial gene amplification for identification of bacterial taxa. Faecal carbohydrate residues were used to verify compliance. The diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch resulted in significant reductions in the total species diversity of the faecal-associated intestinal microbiota but also increased the heterogeneity of bacterial communities both between and within subjects. The proportion of Bifidobacterium was increased by arabinoxylan and resistant starch consumption (P<0.001), whereas the proportions of certain bacterial genera associated with dysbiotic intestinal communities were reduced. Furthermore, the total short-chain fatty acids (P<0.01), acetate (P<0.01) and butyrate concentrations (P<0.01) were higher by the end of the diet enriched with arabinoxylan and resistant starch compared with those resulting from the Western-style diet. The concentrations of isobutyrate (P = 0.05) and isovalerate (P = 0.03) decreased in response to the arabinoxylan and resistant starch enriched diet, indicating reduced protein fermentation. In conclusion, arabinoxylan and resistant starch intake changes the microbiome and short-chain fatty acid compositions, with potential beneficial effects on colonic health and metabolic syndrome. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01618526.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Hald
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Grethe Schioldan
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mary E. Moore
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anders Dige
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Agnholt
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens F. Dahlerup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Nettleton JE, Reimer RA, Shearer J. Reshaping the gut microbiota: Impact of low calorie sweeteners and the link to insulin resistance? Physiol Behav 2016; 164:488-493. [PMID: 27090230 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption in the gut microbiota is now recognized as an active contributor towards the development of obesity and insulin resistance. This review considers one class of dietary additives known to influence the gut microbiota that may predispose susceptible individuals to insulin resistance - the regular, long-term consumption of low-dose, low calorie sweeteners. While the data are controversial, mounting evidence suggests that low calorie sweeteners should not be dismissed as inert in the gut environment. Sucralose, aspartame and saccharin, all widely used to reduce energy content in foods and beverages to promote satiety and encourage weight loss, have been shown to disrupt the balance and diversity of gut microbiota. Fecal transplant experiments, wherein microbiota from low calorie sweetener consuming hosts are transferred into germ-free mice, show that this disruption is transferable and results in impaired glucose tolerance, a well-known risk factor towards the development of a number of metabolic disease states. As our understanding of the importance of the gut microbiota in metabolic health continues to grow, it will be increasingly important to consider the impact of all dietary components, including low calorie sweeteners, on gut microbiota and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi E Nettleton
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Dibb M, Soop M, Teubner A, Shaffer J, Abraham A, Carlson G, Lal S. Survival and nutritional dependence on home parenteral nutrition: Three decades of experience from a single referral centre. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:570-576. [PMID: 26972088 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is the mainstay of treatment for patients with Type 3 intestinal failure (IF), however long term data on mortality and nutritional outcomes are limited. OBJECTIVES To assess the long-term survival and requirements for ongoing HPN in patients receiving treatment at a UK national referral centre for intestinal failure. METHODS Patients with IF who received HPN for more than 3 months at this Intestinal Failure Unit between 1978 and 2011 had their clinical records reviewed. SPSS 20 was utilised to perform Cox regression analysis and generate Kaplan Meier curves, with the aim of identifying factors associated with death and the continued need for HPN. RESULTS Case notes from 545 patients were reviewed. Overall survival (OS) in patients without malignancy at commencement of IF was 93%, 71%, 59% and 28% at 1, 5, 10 and 20 years after starting treatment. Crohn's disease, mesenteric ischaemia and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction were associated with a better OS than scleroderma and radiation enteritis on multivariate analysis. Older age at onset of IF was associated with poor OS, while shorter small bowel length or central line sepsis was not. 15% (25/170) of deaths were due to complications of HPN (central line sepsis = 10, IF-associated liver disease = 15). Continued HPN dependence in survivors was 83%, 63%, 59% and 53% at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years, respectively. Among the 153 patients without malignancy who achieved nutritional independence from HPN, 77 (50.3%) did so after surgical reconstruction of the alimentary tract (HPN duration mean 19 months, range 3-126 months). 76 patients (49.7%) weaned from HPN without undergoing surgical reconstruction. CONCLUSION This is the largest reported data set on long-term survival and dependence on HPN and will inform the indications, benefits and risks of treatment in disease specific groups. A significant proportion of patients achieved nutritional autonomy without surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Dibb
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, United Kingdom.
| | - Mattias Soop
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Antje Teubner
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Shaffer
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Arun Abraham
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Carlson
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Lal
- Intestinal Failure Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, United Kingdom
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Ai Y, Jane JL. Macronutrients in Corn and Human Nutrition. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:581-598. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Ai
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Michigan State Univ; East Lansing MI 48824 U.S.A
| | - Jay-lin Jane
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Iowa State Univ; Ames IA 50011 U.S.A
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Verspreet J, Damen B, Broekaert WF, Verbeke K, Delcour JA, Courtin CM. A Critical Look at Prebiotics Within the Dietary Fiber Concept. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:167-90. [PMID: 26735801 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-081315-032749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge of the health effects of dietary fiber and prebiotics and establishes the position of prebiotics within the broader context of dietary fiber. Although the positive health effects of specific fibers on defecation, reduction of postprandial glycemic response, and maintenance of normal blood cholesterol levels are generally accepted, other presumed health benefits of dietary fibers are still debated. There is evidence that specific dietary fibers improve the integrity of the epithelial layer of the intestines, increase the resistance against pathogenic colonization, reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer, increase mineral absorption, and have a positive impact on the immune system, but these effects are neither generally acknowledged nor completely understood. Many of the latter effects are thought to be particularly elicited by prebiotics. Although the prebiotic concept evolved significantly during the past two decades, the line between prebiotics and nonprebiotic dietary fiber remains vague. Nevertheless, scientific evidence demonstrating the health-promoting potential of prebiotics continues to accumulate and suggests that prebiotic fibers have their rightful place in a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | - Bram Damen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | | | - Kristin Verbeke
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Center (LFoRCe).,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, and
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So EY, Ouchi M, Cuesta-Sancho S, Olson SL, Reif D, Shimomura K, Ouchi T. Tumor suppression by resistant maltodextrin, Fibersol-2. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:460-5. [PMID: 25692338 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1009269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistant maltodextrin Fibersol-2 is a soluble and fermentable dietary fiber that is Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in the United States. We tested whether Fibersol-2 contains anti-tumor activity. Human colorectal cancer cell line, HCT116, and its isogenic cells were treated with FIbersol-2. Tumor growth and tumorigenesis were studied in vitro and in vivo. Apoptotic pathway and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. We discovered that Fibersol-2 significantly inhibits tumor growth of HCT116 cells by inducing apoptosis. Fibersol-2 strongly induces mitochondrial ROS and Bax-dependent cleavage of caspase 3 and 9, which is shown by isogenic HCT116 variants. Fibersol-2 induces phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR in parental HCT116 cells, but not in HCT116 deficient for Bax or p53. It prevents growth of tumor xenograft without any apparent signs of toxicity in vivo. These results identify Fibersol-2 as a mechanism-based dietary supplement agent that could prevent colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Young So
- a Department of Cancer Genetics ; Roswell Park Cancer Institute ; Buffalo , NY USA
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Abstract
A total of twenty-four Yorkshire gilt pigs of 6-7 weeks of age were used in a 2×2 factorial experiment to determine the individual and combined effects of the inclusion of two dietary factors (cholesterol rich, 3% β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures) on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in blood serum. Pigs were assigned randomly to treatment groups (n 6). Total serum cholesterol concentrations decreased after 3 weeks in all the experimental treatment groups, including diets with BCD, L. acidophilus or both. Similar trends were observed for serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations among the experimental treatments. No statistically significant differences from the control group were observed in either total serum cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P<0·05) for each of the individual treatment groups: BCD or L. acidophilus. However, significant differences in total serum cholesterol concentrations were observed when comparing the combined treatment group (BCD and L. acidophilus) with the control group, which consisted of a basal diet and sterile milk. The combined treatment group exhibited 17·9% lower total serum cholesterol concentration after 3 weeks. Similar significant differences were observed when comparing the combined effect experimental group with the control group after 3 weeks. The combined treatment group exhibited 27·9% lower serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations.
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Zhang B, Dhital S, Gidley MJ. Densely packed matrices as rate determining features in starch hydrolysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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O'Keefe SJD, Li JV, Lahti L, Ou J, Carbonero F, Mohammed K, Posma JM, Kinross J, Wahl E, Ruder E, Vipperla K, Naidoo V, Mtshali L, Tims S, Puylaert PGB, DeLany J, Krasinskas A, Benefiel AC, Kaseb HO, Newton K, Nicholson JK, de Vos WM, Gaskins HR, Zoetendal EG. Fat, fibre and cancer risk in African Americans and rural Africans. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6342. [PMID: 25919227 PMCID: PMC4415091 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of colon cancer are much higher in African Americans (65:100,000) than in rural South Africans (<5:100,000). The higher rates are associated with higher animal protein and fat, and lower fibre consumption, higher colonic secondary bile acids, lower colonic short-chain fatty acid quantities and higher mucosal proliferative biomarkers of cancer risk in otherwise healthy middle-aged volunteers. Here we investigate further the role of fat and fibre in this association. We performed 2-week food exchanges in subjects from the same populations, where African Americans were fed a high-fibre, low-fat African-style diet and rural Africans a high-fat, low-fibre western-style diet, under close supervision. In comparison with their usual diets, the food changes resulted in remarkable reciprocal changes in mucosal biomarkers of cancer risk and in aspects of the microbiota and metabolome known to affect cancer risk, best illustrated by increased saccharolytic fermentation and butyrogenesis, and suppressed secondary bile acid synthesis in the African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J D O'Keefe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jia V Li
- Department of Surgery and Cancer and Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Institution of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Leo Lahti
- 1] Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands [2] Department of Veterinary Bioscience, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Junhai Ou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Franck Carbonero
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Khaled Mohammed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Joram M Posma
- Department of Surgery and Cancer and Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Institution of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - James Kinross
- Department of Surgery and Cancer and Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Institution of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elaine Wahl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ruder
- Division of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kishore Vipperla
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | | | - Sebastian Tims
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe G B Puylaert
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands
| | - James DeLany
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Alyssa Krasinskas
- Division of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Ann C Benefiel
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Hatem O Kaseb
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Keith Newton
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer and Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Institution of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Willem M de Vos
- 1] Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands [2] Department of Veterinary Bioscience, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [3] RPU Immunolbiology, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands
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Effects of two whole-grain barley varieties on caecal SCFA, gut microbiota and plasma inflammatory markers in rats consuming low- and high-fat diets. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1558-70. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage β-glucans are fermented by the colon microbiota that give rise to SCFA. Propionic and butyric acids have been found to play an important role in colonic health, as well as they may have extraintestinal metabolic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate how two whole-grain barley varieties differing in dietary fibre and β-glucan content affected caecal SCFA, gut microbiota and some plasma inflammatory markers in rats consuming low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets. Barley increased the caecal pool of SCFA in rats fed the LF and HF diets compared with those fed the control diet, and the effect was generally dependent on fibre content, an exception was butyric acid in the LF setting. Furthermore, whole-grain barley reduced plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, increased the caecal abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the Bacteroides fragilis group, but increased the number of Bifidobacterium only when dietary fat was consumed at a low level. Fat content influenced the effects of barley: rats fed the HF diets had a higher caecal pool of acetic and propionic acids, higher concentrations of amino acids and higher amounts of lipids in the portal plasma and liver than rats fed the LF diets; however, less amounts of butyric acid were generally formed. Interestingly, there was an increase in the caecal abundance of Akkermansia and the caecal pool of succinic acid, and a decrease in the proportion of Bifidobacterium and the Clostridium leptum group. In summary, whole-grain barley decreased HF diet-induced inflammation, which was possibly related to the formation of SCFA and changes in microbiota composition. High β-glucan content in the diet was associated with reduced plasma cholesterol levels.
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Bach Knudsen KE. Microbial degradation of whole-grain complex carbohydrates and impact on short-chain fatty acids and health. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:206-13. [PMID: 25770259 PMCID: PMC4352179 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-grain cereals have a complex dietary fiber (DF) composition consisting of oligosaccharides (mostly fructans), resistant starch, and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSPs); the most important are arabinoxylans, mixed-linkage β(1,3; 1,4)-d-glucan (β-glucan), and cellulose and the noncarbohydrate polyphenolic ether lignin. The highest concentration of NSPs and lignin is found in the outer cell layers of the grain, and refined flour will consequently be depleted of a large proportion of insoluble DF components. The flow and composition of carbohydrates to the large intestine are directly related to the intake of DF. The type and composition of cereal DF can consequently be used to modulate the microbial composition and activity as well as the production and molar ratios of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Arabinoxylans and β-glucan in whole-grain cereals and cereal ingredients have been shown to augment SCFA production, with the strongest relative effect on butyrate. When arabinoxylans were provided as a concentrate, the effect was only on total SCFA production. Increased SCFA production in the large intestine was shown by the concentration in the portal vein, whereas the impact on the concentration in peripheral blood was less because the majority of propionate and butyrate is cleared in the liver. Active microbial fermentation with increased SCFA production reduced the exposure of potentially toxic compounds to the epithelium, potentially stimulating anorectic hormones and acting as signaling molecules between the gut and the peripheral tissues. The latter can have implications for insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.
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Is resistant starch protective against colorectal cancer via modulation of the WNT signalling pathway? Proc Nutr Soc 2015; 74:282-91. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966511500004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) including resistant starch are protective against colorectal cancer. These anti-neoplastic effects are presumed to result from the production of the SCFA, butyrate, by colonic fermentation, which binds to the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR43 to regulate inflammation and other cancer-related processes. The WNT pathway is central to the maintenance of homeostasis within the large bowel through regulation of processes such as cell proliferation and migration and is frequently aberrantly hyperactivated in colorectal cancers. Abnormal WNT signalling can lead to irregular crypt cell proliferation that favours a hyperproliferative state. Butyrate has been shown to modulate the WNT pathway positively, affecting functional outcomes such as apoptosis and proliferation. Butyrate's ability to regulate gene expression results from epigenetic mechanisms, including its role as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and through modulating DNA methylation and the expression of microRNA. We conclude that genetic and epigenetic modulation of the WNT signalling pathway may be an important mechanism through which butyrate from fermentation of resistant starch and other NDC exert their chemoprotective effects.
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