Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence in Europe, Israel, America and Australasia on smoking and COVID-19

Figure 4 Forest plot of the relationship of the index “closest to current smoking” to death among those hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019. This figure is laid out as described for Figure 2. Estimates from CARRIL are for current vs non-smokers, from APEA, HGUGM, PELLAU, SOARES and TORRES for smokers (undefined) vs non-smokers, and from CHAND, FRIED, GIACOM, IMAM, MUNOZP, SHAH, SINAI, THONE and ZHAO for ever vs never smokers, with estimates from the other nine studies being for current vs never smokers.