Keystone design perforator island flap in facial defect reconstruction

Figure 3 Schematic diagram showing the relaxed skin tension line-oriented keystone design perforator island flap considering the facial aesthetic unit concept. Red-colored ellipses represent defects and yellow-colored figures represent the design of the keystone design perforator island flap. Frontal (A) and profile views (B) of the aesthetic units and subunits of the face. 1: Forehead unit (1A, central subunit; 1B, lateral subunit; 1C, eyebrow subunit); 2: Nasal unit; 3: Eyelid units (3A, lower-lid unit; 3B, upper-lid unit; 3C, lateral canthal subunit; 3D, medial canthal subunit); 4: Cheek unit (4A, medial subunit; 4B, zygomatic subunit; 4C, lateral subunit; 4D, buccal subunit); 5: Upper-lip unit (5A, philtrum subunit; 5B, lateral subunit; 5C, mucosal subunit); 6: Lower-lip unit (6A, central subunit; 6B, mucosal subunit); 7: Mental unit; 8: Auricular unit; 9: Neck unit. (Reprinted from Yoon et al[1], with permission from Wolters Kluwer, which was originally reprinted from Fattahi, with permission from Elsevier).