Risk factors, clinical features, and short-term prognosis of spontaneous fungal peritonitis in cirrhosis: A matched case-control study

Table 1 Comparison of clinical manifestations between spontaneous fungal peritonitis (case) and spontaneous bacteria peritonitis with a positive (control-1) or negative bacterial culture (control-2)

Variable	Case (n = 22)	Control-1 (n = 44)	P-value	Control-2 (n = 72)	P-value
Demographics data
Age (yr), M ± SD	60.0 ± 11.6	58.0 ± 12.5	0.55	56.9 ± 10.5	0.32
Sex (% male)	17 (77.3%)	37 (82.2%)	0.51	55 (74.3%)	1
Current smoking n (%)	7 (31.8%)	20 (45.5%)	0.43	32 (44.4%)	0.33
Alcohol abuse n (%)	7 (31.8%)	16 (36.4%)	0.79	30 (41.3%)	0.46
Aetiology of cirrhosis
Viral n (%)	14 (63.6%)	27 (61.4%)		44 (61.1%)
Alcohol n (%)	2 (9.1%)	8 (18.2%)	0.66	18 (25.0%)	0.334
Others n (%)	6 (27.3%)	9 (20.5%)		13 (18.1%)
Complication
Variceal bleeding n (%)	8 (36.4%)	6 (13.6%)	0.05	18 (25.0%)	0.41
Hepatorenal syndrome n (%)	8 (36.4%)	10 (22.7%)	0.26	9 (12.5%)	0.023
HE n (%)	8 (36.4%)	12 (27.3%)	0.57	14 (19.4%)	0.15
Charlson index (IQR)	4 (3.7-5.0)	4 (3.0-5.0)	0.46	3 (3-5)	0.007
Laboratory examination
WBC, 109 cells/L (IQR)	11.7 (8.2-19.1)	5.6 (2.9-11.2)	0.001	6.2 (4.0-9.5)	<0.001
C-reactive protein, mg/L (IQR)	77.4 (55.9-138.2)	31.4 (14.7-50.6)	<0.001	22.7 (8.9-42.1)	<0.001
Creatinine, μmol/L (IQR)	98.0 (69.5-147.8)	86.0 (60.5-165.0)	0.75	81 (67.0-105.0)	0.228
Albumin, g/dL (M ± SD)	28.1 ± 4.1	26.6±7.5	0.41	29.8 ± 4.9	0.09
Total bilirubin, μmol/L(IQR)	103.5 (27.5-271.5)	85 (34.2-196.5)	0.96	59.5 (30.0-129.0)	0.51
INR (IQR)	1.40 (1.2-2.0)	1.6 (1.3-2.1)	0.37	1.5 (1.3-1.7)	0.56
Ascites PMN (IQR)	2550 (338-4700)	1800 (650-4500)	0.56	550 (302-1375)	0.004
Ascites albumin g/dL (M ± SD)	18.0±8.2	11.4 ± 7.3	0.002	13.1 ± 9.5	0.009
Clinical presentation
Abdominal pain	7 (31.8%)	17 (38.6%)	0.79	17 (23.6%)	0.578
Fever (T ≥ 38°C)	12 (54.5%)	22 (50.0%)	0.79	19 (26.4%)	0.02
Antibiotic treatment before peritonitis (d)	15.4 (3.8-24.8)	2 (0.3-10.0)	0.001	2 (0-8.0)	<0.001
PPI administration	8 (36.4%)	27 (61.4%)	0.07	43(59.7%)	0.086
Nosocomial infection	13 (59.1%)	30 (68.2%)	0.59	44 (61.1%)	1
ICU admission	1 (4.5%)	2 (4.5%)	1	1 (1.4%)	0.42
Septic shock n (%)	7 (31.8%)	8 (18.2%)	0.23	3 (4.2%)	0.001
SIRS n (%)	14 (63.6%)	20 (45.5%)	0.2	14 (19.4%)	<0.001
Concomitant bacterial infection	12 (54.5%)	13 (29.5%)	0.12	3 (4.2%)	<0.001
Blood infection	6 (27.2%)	9 (20.5%)	1	1 (1.4%)	<0.001
Pneumonia	3 (13.6%)	3 (6.8%)	0.39	2 (2.8%)	0.048
Bacterial peritonitis	9 (40.9%)	-	-	-	-
Other sites	1 (4.5%)	1 (2.3%)	-	1 (1.4%)	-
Severity score
SOFA (M ± SD)	7.1 ± 3.8	7.6 ± 4.7	0.65	5.2 ± 2.6	0.035
CLIF-SOFA	7.1 ± 3.4	8.1 ± 4.4	0.33	5.6 ± 3.0	0.048
APACHE II	7.6 ± 6.1	6.7 ± 5.4	0.58	3.0 ± 3.1	<0.001
MELD (IQR)	15.9 (7.5-25.2)	18.3 (9.3-25.9)	0.76	14.6 (9.7-20.3)	0.57
MELD-Na (IQR)	23.0 (10.4-35.1)	20.4 (9.7-31.1)	0.88	15.5 (10.1-25.0)	0.17
CTP (IQR)	11.0 (8-12.3)	11.5 (10.0-12.0)	0.39	10 (9.0-12.0)	0.48
15-d mortality	10 (45.1%)	9 (20.4%)	0.046	5 (6.9%)	<0.001

M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; INR: International normalized rate; PMN: Polymorphonuclear neutrophil; ICU: Intensive care unit; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; CLIF-SOFA: Chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment; APACHE II: Chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; CTP: Child-Turcotte-Pugh.