Choosing inclusion criteria that minimize the time and cost of clinical trials

Figure 6 Cost estimates in a scenario with good responsiveness to the control treatment in patients who are non-responsive to the experimental treatment. π₁ = 1.0, π₂ = 0, π₃ = π₄ = 0.4. Other details as in Figure 5. Dashed line divides the x-domain into regions of a significant negative effect (to the left) vs a significant positive effect (right). Near x_c = 4.4 the cost of disproving the null hypothesis when it is exactly true becomes infinite.