Roles of the (pro)renin receptor in the kidney

Figure 1 Four roles of prorenin receptor. A: When renin or prorenin binds to prorenin receptor (PRR), renin or prorenin enzymatic activity is enhanced through non-proteolytic conformational change, catalyzing angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Produced angiotensin I is catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme, yielding angiotensin II that induces angiotensin II receptor-mediated signal transduction, ending in enhanced tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS)[45]; B: When PRR is bound to a ligand, renin, or prorenin, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal is induced[₁]; C: PRR, with or without the N-terminal domain, is required as a subunit of V-ATPase, which actively transports protons into vesicles such as endosomes, lysosomes, and autophagosomes using energy obtained by degrading ATP to ADP[₉]. The V0 and V1 domains build up V-ATPase; D: PRR is required as an adaptor protein between V-ATPase and LRP6, which are members of the Wnt receptor complex[₅,₄₆].