Drinking plain water is associated with decreased risk of depression and anxiety in adults: Results from a large cross-sectional study

Table 3 Multivariable-adjusted ORs (and 95%CIs) for depression and anxiety across categories of plain water consumption in the whole population and stratified by sex

	Plain water drinking			P trend1
	< 2 glasses/d	2-5 glasses/d	≥ 5 glasses/d
Depression
Crude model	2.04 (1.62, 2.56)	1.39 (1.13, 1.71)	1 (reference)	< 0.0001
Model 12	1.75 (1.35, 2.26)	1.30 (1.02, 1.64)	1 (reference)	< 0.0001
Model 22	1.84 (1.37, 2.45)	1.39 (1.07, 1.80)	1 (reference)	< 0.0001
Model 32	1.84 (1.40, 2.49)	1.41 (1.07, 1.84)	1 (reference)	< 0.0001
Model 42	1.79 (1.32, 2.42)	1.37 (1.04, 1.80)	1 (reference)	< 0.0001
Anxiety
Crude model	2.02 (1.46, 2.78)	1.73 (1.29, 2.32)	1 (reference)	< 0.0001
Model 12	1.53 (1.07, 2.17)	1.44 (1.04, 1.99)	1 (reference)	0.026
Model 22	1.58 (1.06, 2.36)	1.60 (1.11, 2.30)	1 (reference)	0.029
Model 32	1.56 (1.03, 2.35)	1.63 (1.12, 2.40)	1 (reference)	0.066
Model 42	1.49 (0.98, 2.25)	1.58 (1.08, 2.30)	1 (reference)	0.109
Men (n = 1386)
Depression
Crude model	1.77 (1.19, 2.63)	1.37 (0.99, 1.90)	1 (reference)	0.004
Model 12	2.00 (1.26, 3.20)	1.45 (0.98, 2.13)	1 (reference)	0.003
Model 22	1.95 (1.18, 3.21)	1.59 (1.06, 2.38)	1 (reference)	0.008
Model 32	1.73 (1.02, 2.92)	1.54 (1.01, 2.36)	1 (reference)	0.037
Model 42	1.73 (1.02, 2.93)	1.54 (1.00, 2.36)	1 (reference)	0.040
Anxiety
Crude model	1.83 (0.97, 3.43)	2.01 (1.20, 3.34)	1 (reference)	0.041
Model 12	2.36 (1.17, 4.74)	1.55 (0.87, 2.78)	1 (reference)	0.016
Model 22	2.15 (1.02, 4.54)	1.59 (0.86, 2.95)	1 (reference)	0.042
Model 32	1.76 (0.81, 3.84)	1.55 (0.82, 2.94)	1 (reference)	0.147
Model 42	1.74 (0.80, 3.80)	1.52 (0.80, 2.88)	1 (reference)	0.161
Women (n = 1941)
Depression
Crude model	1.75 (1.30, 2.35)	1.26 (0.95, 1.67)	1 (reference)	<0.0001
Model 12	1.61 (1.17, 2.21)	1.21 (0.90, 1.63)	1 (reference)	0.001
Model 22	1.61 (1.16, 2.23)	1.21 (0.89, 1.65)	1 (reference)	0.002
Model 32	1.61 (1.15, 2.26)	1.22 (0.89, 1.67)	1 (reference)	0.003
Model 42	1.54 (1.09, 2.15)	1.18 (0.86, 1.63)	1 (reference)	0.007
Anxiety
Crude model	1.59 (1.08, 2.34)	1.42 (0.98, 2.05)	1 (reference)	0.026
Model 12	1.35 (0.89, 2.05)	1.41 (0.95, 2.07)	1 (reference)	0.264
Model 22	1.39 (0.91, 2.13)	1.44 (0.97, 2.15)	1 (reference)	0.233
Model 32	1.37 (0.88, 2.13)	1.44 (0.95, 2.18)	1 (reference)	0.288
Model 42	1.30 (0.83, 2.02)	1.40 (0.92, 2.12)	1 (reference)	0.420

¹Derived from a Mantel-Haenszel extension chi-square test;

²Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex (in the whole population), marital status, educational level, model 2: Further adjustment for BMI, smoking, physical activity, model 3: Additional control for functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and anti-psychotic medicines, model 4: Further control for magnesium, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folate, cobalamin, DHA and EPA, energy, fibre and caffeine. DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; EPA: Eicosa pentaenoic acid.