Drinking plain water is associated with decreased risk of depression and anxiety in adults: Results from a large cross-sectional study

Table 2 General characteristics of participants based on categories of anxiety and depression n (%)

	Depression		P value1	Anxiety		P value1
	Yes (28%)	No (72%)		Yes (13.1%)	No (86.9%)
Age (yr)2	36.3 ± 0.3	36.1 ± 0.2	0.562	35.4 ± 0.2	36.3 ± 0.3	0.020
BMI (kg/m2)2	24.8 ± 0.1	24.9 ± 0.1	0.712	25.0 ± 0.2	24.9 ± 0.1	0.636
Male	285 (30.2)	1082 (46.0)	< 0.0001	117 (26.1)	1251 (43.9)	< 0.0001
Anti-psychotic medicines	106 (11.2)	76 (3.2)	< 0.0001	70 (15.6)	113 (4.0)	< 0.0001
Current smokers	164 (17.4)	290 (12.3)	< 0.0001	84 (18.8)	370 (13.0)	0.001
Moderately active and active	338 (39.7)	1028 (48.8)	< 0.0001	155 (38.5)	1212 (47.4)	0.001
Educational level			< 0.0001			< 0.0001
< 12 yr	153 (16.7)	236 (10.2)		84 (19.3)	306 (11.0)
12-16 yr	715 (78.1)	1876 (81.4)		337 (77.5)	2255 (80.9)
≥ 16 yr	48 (5.2)	194 (8.4)		14 (3.2)	228 (8.2)
Marital status			0.001			0.001
Married	733 (79.4)	1901 (82.4)		361 (83.2)	2274 (81.3)
Single	163 (17.7)	380 (16.5)		58 (13.4)	486 (17.4)
Other	27 (2.9)	26 (1.1)		15 (3.5)	38 (1.4)
FGID3	665 (70.5)	1022 (43.4)	< 0.0001	357 (79.7)	1329 (46.6)	< 0.0001
Water drinking			< 0.0001			< 0.0001
< 2 glasses/d	303 (32.5)	539 (23.1)		136 (30.8)	706 (25.0)
2-5 glasses/d	478 (51.3)	1246 (53.4)		244 (55.3)	1481 (52.4)
≥ 5 glasses/d	151 (16.2)	548 (23.5)		61 (13.8)	639 (22.6)

¹Derived from independent t-test and chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively;

²Values are means ± SEs or percent;

³FGID defined as suffering from at least one of the following gastrointestinal disorders: Gastroesophageal Reflux, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and constipation.