Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Associations between bullying victimization in children and adolescents and substance use

	Data points	Pooled OR	95%CI lower bound	95%CI upper bound	Cochran’s Q	I² (%)	Test for heterogeneity (P value)
Alcohol use
Pooling all	53	1.26	1.00	1.58	10328.18	99.5	< 0.01
Study type
Retrospective/cross-sectional	38	1.28	0.88	1.84	10256.15	99.64	< 0.01
Prospective cohort	15	1.19	0.87	1.62	67.87	79.37	< 0.01
Sex
Male	6	0.61	0.49	0.77	4.89	0.00	0.43
Female	4	0.88	0.50	1.57	6.36	52.86	0.1
Severity of bullying
Sometimes	6	1.72	0.84	3.50	86.17	94.20	< 0.01
Frequent	13	1.53	0.78	3.03	332.27	96.39	< 0.01
Frequency of alcohol consumption
Sometimes	24	1.52	1.08	2.13	8416.94	99.73	< 0.01
Frequent	29	0.99	0.86	1.14	251.81	88.88	< 0.01
Age of bullying
Less than 13 yr	16	1.23	0.93	1.63	1618.14	99.07	< 0.01
Older than 13 yr	37	1.31	0.96	1.80	6896.71	99.48	< 0.01
Geographic location and income level
Low-to-middle income	11	1.37	0.75	2.49	8328.21	99.88	< 0.01
High income	42	1.08	0.91	1.27	462.84	91.14	< 0.01
Tobacco use
Pooling all	35	1.36	0.96	1.92	418.71	91.88	< 0.01
Study type
Retrospective/cross-sectional	26	1.17	0.59	2.31	394.92	93.67	< 0.01
Prospective cohort	9	1.62	1.31	1.99	11.48	30.33	0.18
Sex
Male	3	0.97	0.59	1.58	8.23	75.7	0.02
Female	3	0.51	0.37	0.68	1.78	0	0.41
Severity of bullying
Sometimes	4	1.89	0.83	4.33	71.38	95.8	< 0.01
Frequent	4	3.19	1.19	8.58	39.85	92.47	< 0.01
Frequency of smoking
Sometimes	28	1.36	0.89	2.06	400.72	93.26	< 0.01
Frequent	7	1.35	1.00	1.84	16.28	63.16	0.01
Illicit drug use
Pooling all	34	1.41	1.10	1.81	677.62	95.13	< 0.01
Study type
Retrospective/cross-sectional	11	2.43	1.42	4.15	297.3	96.64	< 0.01
Prospective cohort	23	1.27	1.12	1.44	67.23	67.28	< 0.01
Sex
Male	7	1.04	0.81	1.33	32.84	81.73	< 0.01
Female	5	1.17	1.03	1.33	3.26	0.00	0.52
Severity of bullying
Sometimes	7	1.22	0.78	1.90	160.47	96.26	< 0.01
Frequent	8	1.14	0.43	3.00	465.43	98.50	< 0.01
Geographic location and income level
Low-to-middle income	5	4.05	2.18	7.55	98.61	95.94	< 0.01
High income	29	1.31	1.15	1.48	103.73	73.01	< 0.01
Cannabis only all	9	1.42	0.96	2.12	23.32	65.70	< 0.01
Study type
Retrospective/cross-sectional	1	2.46	1.53	3.95	-	-	-
Prospective cohort	8	1.36	0.90	2.05	18.14	61.41	0.01