Neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: A systematic and critical review

Table 1 Studies included in the systematic review

Ref.	Participants	Treatment	Treatment duration (wk)	Imaging method	Experimental task	Neural treatment effects	Direction of change
Cognitive remediation
Wykes et al[8]	SCH = 2	CRT	12	SPECT	Verbal fluency	Bilateral frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital	↑
Penadés et al[9]	SCH = 2	CRT	12	SPECT	Tower of London	Prefrontal activity	↑
Wexler et al[11]	SCH = 8	CRT	10	fMRI	Auditory verbal memory	L inferior frontal	↑
Penadés et al[10]	SCH = 8	CRT	12	SPECT	Tower of London	Prefrontal activity	↑
Wykes et al[12]	SCH = 12 HC =6	CRT OC HC	12	fMRI	N-back	R inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral occipital activity	↑
Eack et al[20]	SCH = 53	CET EST	52	MRI	-	Loss of GM in temporal cortex, including the L parahippocampal gyrus, L amygdala, bilateral anterior cingulate, and L hippocampus	↓
						GM in L amygdala	↑
Haut et al[13]	SCH = 21 HC = 9	CRT CBSST	6	fMRI	N-back, lexical task	L prefrontal activity	Case report series
Rowland et al[15]	SCH = 17 HC = 17	CRT	< 1	fMRI, VBM		L amygdala, bilateral inferior parietal regions	↑
						Controls also exhibited activation reductions in region and spatial extent with relational learning proficiency	↓
Edwards et al[14]	SCH = 22 HC = 14	CRT	22	fMRI	Continuous performance task	R middle frontal R superior parietal cortex R inferior frontal junction R visual cortex Cerebellum	↑↓
Bor et al[16]	SCH = 20 HC = 15	CRT	8	fMRI	N-back	L inferior/middle frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus and inferior parietal lobule activity	↑
Subramaniam et al[19]	SCH = 31 HC = 16	AT	13	fMRI	Word generation and recognition	Medial PFC activity	↑
Penadés et al[21]	SCH = 31 HC = 16	CRT SST	15	fMRI, DTI	N-back	L superior parietal lobule and bilateral middle frontal gyri activity	↑
						DMN activity in L precuneus and middle frontal gyrus	↓
						FA in CC and R posterior thalamic radiations	↑
Vianin et al[22]	SCH = 16	CRT	8	fMRI	Verbal fluency	Inferior parietal lobule, precentral gyrus, Broca’s area, middle occipital cortex, middle cingulate cortex, and superior parietal lobule activity	↑
Subramaniam et al[23]	HC = 15 SCH = 30	AT	15	fMRI	N-back	Middle frontal and inferior frontal gyri activity	↑
Social-cognitive remediation
Haut et al[13]	SCH = 20 HC = 10	TAR TAU	10	fMRI	Facial affect recognition	L middle and superior occipital lobe, R inferior and superior parietal cortex, and L and R inferior frontal cortex activity	↑
Combination of cognitive and social-cognitive remediation
Hooker et al[17]	SCH = 22	AT + SCT	11	fMRI	Facial emotion recognition	Postcentral gyrus activity	↑
Hooker et al[18]	SCH = 22	AT + SCT	11	fMRI	Facial emotion recognition	L and R amygdala, R putamen and R medial prefrontal cortex	↑

SPECT: Single photon emission computed tomography; fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging; GM: Grey matter; DMN: Default mode network; FA: Fractional anisotropy; CC: Corpus callosum; AT: Auditory-based cognitive training; SCT: Social cognitive training; SCH: Schizophrenia; HC: Healthy control.