Voxel-based magnetic resonance imaging investigation of poor and preserved clinical insight in people with schizophrenia

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of the study groups

	Healthy controls (n = 20; 15 male, 5 female)		Patients insight+ group (n = 20; 16 male, 4 female)		Patients insight- group (n = 20; 16 male, 4 female)
	Mean (SD)	Range	Mean (SD)	Range	Mean (SD)	Range
Demographics
Age (yr)	35.25 (10.93)	20-59	36.15 (10.54)	19-54	37.80 (7.85)	22-49
Education (yr)	15.05 (2.86)	10-20	13.45 (2.86)	9-20	13.40 (2.01)	11-19
Predicted IQ (NART)	113.10 (9.91)	91-128	109.20 (10.80)	86-122	106.10 (7.87)	90-119
Clinical characteristics
BIS			11.65 (0.57)	13-14	5.88 (2.05)	1-8
Age at illness onset (yr)			25.90 (8.72)	13-48	23.85 (5.84)	10-37
PANSS positive symptoms			16.15 (5.38)	8-25	17.05 (4.43)	8-23
PANSS negative symptoms			17.20 (4.38)	7-27	18.15 (5.46)	8-27
PANSS general psychopathology			34.35 (7.36)	24-56	31.55 (6.27)	21-40
PANSS total symptoms			67.70 (14.90)	43-108	66.75 (14.02)	37-86
Medication (chlorpromazine equivalent in mg)			461.21 (333.95)	100-1600	556.63 (366.49)	200-1367
Medication type
Atypical antipsychotics			18 (9 olanzapine, 5 risperidone, 3 clozapine, 1 quetiapine)		13 (7 olanzapine, 3 clozapine, 1 aripiprazole, 1 amisulpride, 1 risperidone)
Typical antipsychotics			2 (1 sulpiride, 1 haloperidol)		5 (2 flupenthixol, 1 fluphenazine, 1 sulpiride, 1 haloperidol)
Both			--		2 (1 on clozapine + levomepromazine, 1 zuclopenthixol + aripiprazole)

NART: National Adult Reading Test[44]; BIS: Birchwood insight scale[41]; PANSS: Positive and negative syndrome scale[43].