Animal models for posttraumatic stress disorder: An overview of what is used in research

Table 1 A list of posttraumatic stress disorder animal models and the separate criteria according to DSM-5 that each model has been reported to meet (according to PubMed literature search, individual references not listed)

Animal model for PTSD	DSM-5 criteria1
Single-prolonged stress	A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
Restraint stress	A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
Foot shock	A, B, C, E, F, G, H
Stress-enhanced fear learning	A, B, C, E, F, G, H
Underwater trauma	A, B, E, F, G, H
Predator-based psychosocial stress/predator scent stress	A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
Housing instability	A, B, E, G, H
Social instability	A, B, E, F, G, H
Early life stress	A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
Social defeat	A, B, C, E, F, G, H

¹The listed criteria are: Presence of a stressor (A), intrusive symptoms (B), avoidance (C), negative changes in cognition and mood (D), changes in arousal and reactivity (E), persistence of symptoms (F), functional significance (G) and exclusion of other factors that may cause the displayed symptoms (H). PTSD: Posttraumatic stress disorder.