Factors associated with hopelessness in epileptic patients

Table 3 Differences between patients with scores of 9 or higher on the Beck Hopelessness Scale and patients with lower scores

		Mean	SD	t-tests (DF: 67)	Significance
Age	Lower hopelessness	35.04	14.37	-3.80	0.001
	Higher hopelessness	50.53	15.36
Men (%)	Lower hopelessness	50.0%	-	-	0.11
	Higher hopelessness	29.4%
Generalized seizures	Lower hopelessness	37.5%			0.39
	Higher hopelessness	29.4%	-
BDI-II	Lower hopelessness	27.46	5.88	-4.84	0.001
	Higher hopelessness	38.24	8.53
QOLIE-89
Health Perception	Lower hopelessness	72.52	18.93	3.14	0.01
	Higher hopelessness	55.64	20.14
Overall QOL	Lower hopelessness	70.25	17.03	3.69	0.001
	Higher hopelessness	54.85	14.10
Physical function	Lower hopelessness	87.31	20.47	1.73	0.09
	Higher hopelessness	76.77	25.86
Role limitations due to physical problems	Lower hopelessness	78.08	31.25	2.23	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	57.65	37.34
Role limitations due to emotional problems	Lower hopelessness	86.92	26.83	3.27	0.01
	Higher hopelessness	52.94	39.96
Pain	Lower hopelessness	81.88	22.92	2.46	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	64.56	31.24
Work/driving/social function	Lower hopelessness	84.39	13.32	0.25	0.81
	Higher hopelessness	83.48	13.45
Energy/fatigue	Lower hopelessness	66.22	20.13	3.11	0.01
	Higher hopelessness	48.53	21.05
Emotional wellbeing	Lower hopelessness	73.08	17.64	4.76	0.001
	Higher hopelessness	49.41	18.27
Attention/concentration	Lower hopelessness	79.29	21.80	0.86	0.39
	Higher hopelessness	74.25	18.25
Health discouragement	Lower hopelessness	81.35	17.49	1.47	0.16
	Higher hopelessness	69.41	31.91
Seizure worry	Lower hopelessness	63.33	22.50	1.99	0.051
	Higher hopelessness	51.23	19.23
Memory	Lower hopelessness	71.43	25.39	2.27	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	55.08	26.84
Language	Lower hopelessness	79.69	23.12	1.63	0.11
	Higher hopelessness	69.18	22.88
Medication effects	Lower hopelessness	78.21	25.58	-0.43	0.67
	Higher hopelessness	81.21	22.77
Social support	Lower hopelessness	75.24	20.448	1.73	0.09
	Higher hopelessness	64.71	25.76
Social isolation	Lower hopelessness	88.65	17.60	2.45	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	71.18	27.59
Change in health	Lower hopelessness	67.31	27.36	2.49	0.05
	Higher hopelessness	48.53	25.72
Sexual relations	Lower hopelessness	63.73	28.86	1.50	0.14
	Higher hopelessness	51.47	29.94
Overall Health	Lower hopelessness	72.50	19.29	3.21	0.01
	Higher hopelessness	55.63	15.04

BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II; QOL: Quality of life; QOLIE-89: Quality of life in Epilepsy-89; DF: Degree of freedom.