Factors associated with hopelessness in epileptic patients

Table 2 Differences between diagnostic groups (generalized seizures vs partial seizures)

		Mean	SD	t-tests (DF: 67)	Significance
Age	Partial seizures	40.81	15.09	1.06	0.30
	Generalized seizures	36.35	18.35
Men (%)	Partial seizures	35.7%	-		0.09
	Generalized seizures	56.5%	-
BHS	Partial seizures	6.86	4.05	1.27	0.21
	Generalized seizures	5.52	4.04
BHS ≥ 9	Partial seizures	28.6%	-	-	-
	Generalized seizures	21.7%	-	-	-
BDI-II	Partial seizures	31.07	8.67	1.12	0.27
	Generalized seizures	28.70	7.16
BDI-II ≥ 21	Partial seizures	100%	-	-	-
	Generalized seizures	100%	-	-	-
QOLIE-89
Health Perception	Partial seizures	68.55	19.63	0.45	0.66
	Generalized seizures	66.12	23.07
Overall QOL	Partial seizures	64.09	17.16	-1.67	0.10
	Generalized seizures	71.74	18.47
Physical function	Partial seizures	85.48	22.14	0.24	0.81
	Generalized seizures	84.13	21.19
Role limitations due to physical problems	Partial seizures	74.29	31.94	0.54	0.59
	Generalized seizures	69.57	37.11
Role limitations due to emotional problems	Partial seizures	72.86	36.38	-2.16	0.05
	Generalized seizures	89.57	25.49
Pain	Partial seizures	81.79	23.09	1.72	0.09
	Generalized seizures	70.33	29.96
Work/driving/social function	Partial seizures	84.18	13.94	0.06	0.96
	Generalized seizures	83.99	11.37
Energy/fatigue	Partial seizures	59.72	20.06	-0.9	0.37
	Generalized seizures	64.78	24.56
Emotional wellbeing	Partial seizures	63.62	21.98	-1.85	0.07
	Generalized seizures	72.70	17.04
Attention/concentration	Partial seizures	74.22	23.97	-1.77	0.08
	Generalized seizures	82.58	14.18
Health discouragement	Partial seizures	77.38	21.98	-0.08	0.94

BHS: Beck Hopelessness Scale; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II; QOL: Quality of life; QOLIE-89: Quality of life in Epilepsy-89; DF: Degree of freedom.