Cognitive inflexibility in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders

Table 2 Performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in subjects with autism spectrum disorders and controls

	ASD (n = 33)	Control (n = 33)	P value
CA	4.76 (1.28)	5.24 (0.90)	U = 433.5, Z = –1.51 P = 0.13
TE	16.03 (6.24)	12.61 (3.52)	U = 350.0, Z = –2.51 P = 0.012a
%PEM	11.69 (10.72)	6.58 (8.87)	U = 389.0, Z = –2.09 P = 0.037a
%PEN	20.09 (14.54)	8.74 (10.41)	U = 294.0, Z = –3.26 P = 0.0011a

Data are represented as the mean ± SD,

^aP < 0.05 vs control; differences in the clinical characteristics were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. ASD: Autism spectrum disorders; CA: Categories achieved; TE: Total number of errors; %PEM: Percentages of perseverative errors of the Milner type; %PEN: Percentages of perseverative errors of the Nelson type.