Mindfulness improves negative psychotic symptoms through reducing emotional and social withdrawal

Table 2 Demographic and clinical features of the sample

	Total sample (n = 52)	IRT (n = 26)	IRT + MBI (n = 26)	Statistics
Age, years	39.71 ± 8.98	40.15 ± 9.38	39.42 ± 6.33	t = 0.292, P = 0.771
Sex
Male	41 (78.8)	21 (80.8)	20 (76.9)	χ2 = 0.115, P = 0.734
Female	11 (21.2)	5 (19.2)	6 (23.1)
Years since diagnosis	14.13 ± 7.66	14.58 ± 8.22	13.69 ± 7.20	t = 0.413, P = 0.682
Education years	12.04 ± 2.08	11.93 ± 1.89	12.15 ± 2.25	t = -0.399, P = 0.691
Diagnosis
Paranoid schizophrenia	23 (44.2)	11 (42.3)	12 (43.2)	χ2 = 0.134, P = 0.999
Undifferentiated schizophrenia	8 (15.4)	4 (15.4)	8 (15.4)
Disorganized schizophrenia	4 (7.7)	2 (7.7)	2 (7.7)
Schizoaffective disorder	11 (21.2)	6 (23.1)	5 (19.2)
Bipolar disorder	4 (7.7)	2 (7.7)	2 (7.7)
Delusional disorder	2 (3.8)	1 (3.8)	1 (3.8)
PANSS
Positive	14.90 ± 5.80	14.69 ± 5.25	15.11 ± 6.40	t = -0.261, P = 0.796
Negative	19.08 ± 4.01	19.16 ± 4.01	19.00 ± 4.09	t = 0.137, P = 0.892
General	36.11 ± 8.61	36.50 ± 9.63	35.74 ± 7.64	t = 0.319, P = 0.751
Total	70.23 ± 15.46	70.85 ± 15.20	69.61 ± 15.90	t = 0.284, P = 0.777

Data are presented as n (%). IRT: Integrated rehabilitation treatment; MBI: Mindfulness-based intervention; PANSS: Positive and negative syndrome scale.