Vulnerable brain regions in adolescent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Sample size		Age, mean ± SD		IQ score, mean ± SD		MRI equipment and field strength	Method	Differential brain region	Corrective methods	Quality
	ADHD	HCs	Patient	HCs	Patient	HCs
Cao et al[9], 2006	29	27	13.34 ± 1.44	13.08 ± 0.93	101.22 ± 10.10	115.83 ± 11.58	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	ReHo	14	Alphasim	4/1/1
Zang et al[10], 2007	13	12	13.0 ± 1.4	13.1 ± 0.6	99.0 ± 11.6	118 ± 11.7	Siemens Trio 3.0T	ALFF	11	Puncor < 0.01	4/1/1
Cao et al[11], 2008	12	13	13.40 ± 1.70	13.20 ± 1.20	102.70 ± 9.00	112.70 ± 13.80	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	N/A	10	N/A	4/1/1
Yang et al[12], 2011	30	33	9.20 ± 1.9	9.4 ± 1.2	101.30 ± 3.20	104.90 ± 10.10	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	fALFF	11	Puncor < 0.01	4/1/1
Wu et al[13], 2012	32	30	9.20 ± 1.70	9.40 ± 1.20	≥ 80	≥ 80	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	ALFF	10	N/A	4/1/1
An et al[14], 2013	19	23	13.30 ± 1.40	13.20 ± 1.00	102.70 ± 10.40	113.50 ± 12.80	Siemens Trio Tim 3.0T	ALFF/ReHo	11/18	Alphasim	4/1/1
Wang et al[15], 2014	57	59	11.70 ± 2.60	12.20 ± 2.90	106.40 ± 15.50	113.70 ± 14.60	Siemens Allegra 30T	ALFF	7	Alphasim	4/1/1
Yang et al[16], 2013	18	18	8.80 ± 0.70	9.90 ± 0.90	95.77 ± 10.79	100.93 ± 8.33	GE Discovery MR750 3.0T	ALFF/ReHo	4/8	Alphasim	4/1/1
Li et al[17], 2014	33	32	10.10 ± 2.60	10.90 ± 2.60	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	5	FWE	4/1/1
Yu et al[18], 2016	30	30	10.30 ± 1.70	10.20 ± 1.70	106.20 ± 14.50	121. 10 ± 13.90	N/A	ReHo	5	Alphasim	4/1/1
Xie et al[19], 2016	10	10	10.40 ± 2.60	10.40 ± 2.60	≥ 80	≥ 80	GE 1.5T	ALFF	5	N/A	4/1/1
Wang et al[20], 2017	38	42	11.00 ± 2.00	11.00 ± 2.00	≥ 80	≥ 80	SIEMENS TRIO 3.0T	fALFF	6	Alphasim	4/1/1
Zhou et al[21], 2018	45	26	8.49 ± 1.87	9.04 ± 1.56	114.00 ± 13.27	121.00 ± 13.87	GE Signa HDX 3.0T	ReHo	1	FWE	4/1/1
Lou et al[22], 2021	50	28	8.26 ± 1.93	8.93 ± 1.46	116.94 ± 17.45	122.43 ± 13.84	GE Signa HDX 3.0T	dALFF	2	GRF	4/1/1
Feng et al[23], 2023	52	51	10.17 ± 1.81	10.64 ± 1.85	105.38 ± 13.57	123.81 ± 16.32	GE Discovery MR750 3.0T	ALFF/ReHo	3/1	GRF	4/1/1

HCs: Healthy controls; IQ: Intelligence quotient; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; ReHo: Regional homogeneity; ALFF: Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; dALFF: Dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; fALFF: Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; FWE: Familywise error; GRF: Gaussian random field; N/A: Not available.