Attribution of psychiatric manifestations to systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese patients: A retrospective study

Table 1 Comparisons between psychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary psychiatric syndromes, n (%)

Parameters n (percentage) or median (IQR)	PSLE (141)	Secondary psychiatric syndromes (30)	P value
Female sex	129 (91.5)	27 (90.0)	0.555
Age	32 (30-34)	31 (24-38)	0.865
Age of disease onset	28 (26-30)	27 (21-32)	0.530
Disease duration (year)	3.5 (2.8-4.2)	4.7 (2.6-6.8)	0.186
Multiorgan/system involvement	111 (78.7)	20 (66.7)	0.135
SLEDAI-2K	21 (20-22)	12 (5-17)	0.001
Autoantibodies
ANA	137 (97.2)	29 (96.7)	0.824
Anti-dsDNA	80 (56.7)	13 (43.3)	0.128
Anti-Sm	42 (29.8)	5 (16.7)	0.105
Anti-RNP	59 (41.8)	10/29 (34.5)	0.301
Anti-SSA	94 (66.7)	18/29 (62.1)	0.670
Anti-SSB	22 (15.6)	5/29 (17.2)	0.785
Anti-Scl70	4 (2.8)	0 (0)	0.470
Anti-Jo1	1 (0.7)	0 (0)	0.829
Anti-rRNP	55 (39.0)	6/29 (22.2)	0.045
Anti-PCNA	3 (2.1)	0 (0)	0.568
Anti-AHA	30 (21.3)	6/29 (20.7)	0.583
Anti-Ro52	58 (41.1)	15/29 (51.7)	0.199
Anti-PM-Scl	2 (1.4)	1/29 (3.4)	0.432
Anti-ANuA	48 (34.0)	8/29 (27.6)	0.329
Anti-CENPB	0 (0)	1/29 (3.4)	0.171
Anti-AMA2	17 (12.1)	2/29 (6.9)	0.333
Anticardiolipin	17/129 (13.2)	6/27 (22.2)	0.443
Anti-β2GP1	11/128 (8.6)	7/27 (25.9)	0.036
Abnormal MR results	75/122 (61.5)	17/25 (68.0)	0.354
Abnormal EEG results	11/18 (61.1)	7/9 (77.8)	0.339
Use of IS
Cyclophosphamide	111 (78.7)	16 (53.3)	0.005
Hydroxychloroquine	98 (69.5)	20 (66.7)	0.458
Use of antipsychotics	114 (80.9)	13 (43.3)	< 0.001
Maximum dosage of antipsychotics (as in olanzapine)	8.7 (7.6-9.7)	3.9 (2.1-5.8)	0.004
Use of sedatives	61 (43.3)	3 (10.0)	< 0.001
Death	8 (5.7)	2 (6.7)	0.551

PSLE: Psychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI-2K: SLE disease activity index-2000; ANA: Antinuclear antibody; RNP: Ribonucleoprotein; SSA: Sjogren syndrome A; SSB: Sjogren syndrome B; rRNP: Ribosomal ribonucleoprotein particle; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; AHA: Antihistone antibody; ANuA: Anti-nucleosome antibody; CENPB: Centromere protein B; AMA2: Antimitochondrial antibody; β2GP1: Beta-2-glycoprotein 1; MR: Magnetic resonance; EEG: Electroencephalogram.