Classification of musical hallucinations and the characters along with neural-molecular mechanisms of musical hallucinations associated with psychiatric disorders

Figure 3 Schematic display of neurological regions increased activation in association with musical hallucinations and psychiatry diseases. Standardized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on contrast enhanced T1-weighted axial image the brain viewed from the side, sagittal (left and right); back, coronal (middle); and above axial (right). Specific cortical regions and subcortical structures are labeled. The MRI image was offered by the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences. A: Represents the active brain area in the individuals of major depressive disorder comorbid with musical hallucinations (MH); B: Represents the active brain area in the individuals of schizophrenia comorbid with MH. ¹Superior temporal cortex; ²Thalamus; ³Basal ganglia; ⁴Parasagittal occipital cortex; ⁵Inferior and middle frontal gyri; ⁶Left dorsolateral, prefrontal cortex; ⁷Right orbitofrontal cortex, and right middle temporal gyrus; ⁸Right auditory associated cortex and striatal regions; ⁹Left caudate head. MDD: Major depressive disorder; MHs: Musical hallucinations; L: Left; R: Right.