Sex differences in the association between the muscle quality index and the incidence of depression: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics according to gender

	All	Female	Male	P value
Number	4880	2363	2517
Age, years, mean ± SD	38.70 ± 11.55	39.07 ± 11.49	38.35 ± 11.59	0.0271
< 45	3175 (65.06)	1506 (63.73)	1669 (66.31)	0.059
≥ 45	1705 (34.94)	857 (36.27)	848 (33.69)
Race, n (%)				0.278
Non-Hispanic White	1993 (40.84)	951 (40.25)	1042 (41.40)
Non-Hispanic Black	1057 (21.66)	537 (22.73)	520 (20.66)
Mexican American	581 (11.91)	269 (11.38)	312 (12.40)
Other Race/ethnicity	1249 (25.59)	606 (25.65)	643 (25.55)
Education level, n (%)				< 0.001
Below high school	796 (16.31)	346 (14.64)	450 (17.88)
High school	1037 (21.25)	442 (18.71)	595 (23.64)
College or above	3047 (62.44)	1575 (66.65)	1472 (58.48)
Marital status, n (%)				0.091
Other	2562 (52.50)	1270 (53.75)	1292 (51.33)
Married	2318 (47.50)	1093 (46.25)	1225 (48.67)
Poverty income ratio, mean ± SD	2.53 ± 1.69	2.51 ± 1.69	2.55 ± 1.68	0.3031
≤ 1, n (%)	1166 (23.89)	584 (24.71)	582 (24.71)	< 0.001
> 1, n (%)	3714 (76.11)	1779 (75.29)	1935 (24.71)
Body mass index, kg/m2	28.72 ± 6.87	29.24 ± 7.59	28.23 ± 6.08	0.0021
< 25, n (%)	1592 (32.6)	793 (33.56)	799 (31.74)	< 0.001
≥ 25, n (%)	2288 (67.3)	1570 (66.44)	1718 (68.26)
Muscle quality index, mean ± SD	3.38 ± 0.63	3.28 ± 0.64	3.47 ± 0.61	< 0.0011
Recreational activity, n (%)				< 0.001
None	2121 (43.46)	1078 (45.62)	1043 (41.44)
Moderate	1281 (26.25)	715 (30.26)	566 (22.49)
Vigorous	557 (11.41)	198 (8.38)	359 (14.26)
Both	921 (18.87)	372 (15.74)	549 (21.81)
Smoke, n (%)				< 0.001
Never	2887 (59.16)	1557 (65.89)	1330 (52.84)
Former	814 (16.68)	325 (13.75)	489 (19.43)
Now	1179 (24.16)	481 (20.36)	698 (27.73)
Hypertension, n (%)				0.629
No	3578 (73.32)	1740 (73.64)	1838 (73.02)
Yes	1302 (26.68)	623 (26.36)	679 (26.98)
Hyperlipidemia, n (%)				0.008
No	1903 (39.00)	876 (37.07)	1027 (40.80)
Yes	2977 (61.00)	1487 (62.93)	1490 (59.20)
Diabetes, n (%)				0.182
No	4511 (92.44)	2172 (91.92)	2339 (92.93)
Yes	369 (7.56)	191 (8.08)	178 (7.07)
Cardiovascular disease, n (%)				0.973
No	4704 (96.39)	2278 (96.40)	2426 (96.38)
Yes	176 (3.61)	85 (3.60)	91 (3.62)
Cancer, n (%)				< 0.001
No	4688 (96.07)	2240 (94.79)	2448 (97.26)
Yes	192 (3.93)	123 (5.21)	69 (2.74)
Depression, n (%)				< 0.001
No	4468 (91.56)	2094 (88.62)	2374 (94.32)
Yes	412 (8.44)	269 (11.38)	143 (5.68)

¹P value: Kruskal-Wallis rank test for continuous variables, Fisher exact for categorical variables with expects < 10.