Gastrointestinal problems in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism: From maternal intestinal health to offspring intestinal function

Figure 5 Levels of duodenal inflammatory factors are increased in valproic acid group. A: Interleukin (IL)-1β levels in the duodenum in normal saline (NS) and valproic acid (VPA) groups; B: IL-6 levels in the duodenum in NS and VPA groups; C: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in the duodenum in NS and VPA groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (normal saline offspring group n = 8, valproic acid offspring group n = 8). Unpaired t test, ^cP < 0.001. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL: Interleukin; NA: Normal saline; VPA: Valproic acid.