Gastrointestinal problems in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism: From maternal intestinal health to offspring intestinal function

Figure 3 Levels of intestinal inflammatory factors are increased in valproic acid group. A-C: Interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1β levels in the duodenum in normal saline (NS) and valproic acid (VPA) groups; D-F: IL-6, TNF–α, and IL-1β levels in the rectum in NS and VPA groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (normal saline group n = 6, valproic acid group n = 6). Unpaired t test, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL: Interleukin; NA: Normal saline; VPA: Valproic acid.