Gastrointestinal problems in a valproic acid-induced rat model of autism: From maternal intestinal health to offspring intestinal function

Figure 2 Alteration of gut microbiota in normal saline and valproic acid groups according to 16S rRNA data. A: Venn diagram of observed operational taxonomic units in normal saline and valproic acid (VPA) groups; B: Beta diversity of gut microbiota based on nonmetric multidimensional scaling; C-G: Significantly different species at each taxonomic level (class, family, genus, order, and phylum) based on t-test analysis. Normal saline group n = 3, valproic acid group n = 4. P < 0.05. NA: Normal saline; VPA: Valproic acid.