Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with habit reversal training on anxiety disorders in children with Tourette’s syndrome

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Characteristic	Control (n = 65)	CBT combined with HRT (n = 71)	t/χ2	P value
Age (years)	11.54 ± 2.31	11.72 ± 2.13	0.465	0.643
Gender [male/female, n (%)]	40 (61.54)/25 (38.46)	45 (63.38)/26 (36.62)	0.002	0.965
BMI	16.73 ± 2.14	17.24 ± 2.35	1.326	0.187
Age of onset (years)	8.74 ± 2.46	8.61 ± 2.38	0.302	0.763
Duration of Tourette’s syndrome (months)	16.28 ± 4.67	15.92 ± 5.01	0.434	0.665
Comorbid ADHD, n (%)	17 (26.15)	20 (28.17)	0.005	0.943
Comorbid OCD, n (%)	11 (16.92)	10 (14.08)	0.048	0.826
Previous treatment, n (%)	27 (41.54)	27 (38.03)	0.059	0.808
Parental education			None	0.779
High school or less	23 (35.38)	20 (28.17)
Some college	16 (24.62)	21 (29.58)
Bachelor’s degree	13 (20.00)	18 (25.35)
Master’s degree	10 (15.38)	8 (11.27)
Doctoral degree	3 (4.62)	4 (5.63)
Parental marital status, n (%)			None	0.919
Married	45 (69.23)	52 (73.24)
Divorced/separated	10 (15.38)	9 (12.68)
Single parent	7 (10.77)	6 (8.45)
Other	3 (4.62)	4 (5.63)
Family history of ADHD, n (%)	7 (10.77)	9 (12.68)	0.006	0.938
Family history of OCD, n (%)	7 (10.77)	9 (12.68)	0.006	0.938
Family history of Tourette’s syndrome, n (%)	16 (24.62)	21 (29.58)	0.209	0.648

BMI: Body mass index; CBT: Cognitive-behavioral therapy; HRT: Habit reversal training.