Impact of thoracic paravertebral block and sufentanil on outcomes and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery

Figure 2 Changes of vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and S-100 calcium-binding protein β before and after surgery. A: Comparison of the changes of vascular endothelial growth factor levels before and 24 h after surgery; B: Comparison of the changes of transforming growth factor-β1 levels before and 24 h after surgery; C: Comparison of the changes of tumor necrosis factor-α levels before and 24 h after surgery; D: Comparison of the changes of S-100 calcium-binding protein β levels before and 24 h after surgery. VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-β1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; S-100β: S-100 calcium-binding protein β. ^aP < 0.01; ^bP < 0.0001.