Navigating the intersection of psychiatry and ophthalmology: A comprehensive review of depression and anxiety management in glaucoma patients

Table 1 Summary of 8 selected studies on glaucoma and anxiety/depression association

Ref.	Region	Study design	No. of patient	Results	Key findings
Mabuchi et al[3], 2008	Japan	Case control study	230 POAG patients; 230 controls	Prevalence of anxiety: 13.0% (P = 0.030); depression: 10.9% (P = 0.026)	POAG was related to anxiety and depression
Wang et al[7], 2012	United States	Cross sectional study	453 glaucoma patients	10.9% prevalence of depression among self-reported glaucoma patients	Visual function parameters were associated with depression
Zhou et al[9], 2013	China	Cross sectional study	506 glaucoma patients	Prevalence of anxiety: 22.92%; depression: 16.40%	High anxiety and depression rates exist among Chinese glaucoma patients
Chen et al[5], 2017	Taiwan	Case control study	15865 glaucoma patients; 77014 controls	SSRI use linked to increased glaucoma risk (OR: 1.39, 95%CI: 1.29-1.50)	SSRIs use associated with glaucoma
Chen et al[4], 2018	Taiwan	Cohort study	8777 glaucoma patients; 35108 controls	In 11 yr follow up period, incidence of depression: Glaucoma group = 5.9% depression, control group = 3.2%	Patients with glaucoma are at significantly greater risk of developing depression
Berchuck et al[10], 2021	United States	Cohort study	3259 glaucoma suspects; 28% (911 cases) diagnosed with glaucoma during follow-up	Prevalence of anxiety: 32%; depression: 33%	Prior anxiety or anxiety with depression history raises the risk of developing glaucoma in glaucoma suspects
Shin et al[6], 2021	Korea	Case control study	251 eyes with POAG	Anxiety linked to disc hemorrhage, peak IOP, and RNFL thinning rate (P = 0.017, P = 0.046, P = 0.026); depression tied to visual field mean deviation and heart rate variability (P = 0.003, P = 0.006)	Anxiety increase the risk of glaucoma progression and they are also associated with IOP profile and disc hemorrhage
Dayal et al[8], 2022	India	Cross sectional study	200 patients	Mean HADS-anxiety = 4.5 (SD = 3.4); HADS-depression = 4.1 (SD = 3.8)	Visual loss in glaucoma correlates with anxiety and depression symptoms, regardless of disease duration

POAG: Primary open-angle glaucoma; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; IOP: Intraocular pressure; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.