Association of premature birth and maternal education level on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Area	Sort	Intervention	Period	Age	Sample size	Sample source	NOS score	Language	Diagnostic basis
Kong et al[25], 2024	Finland	Prospective cohort study	Premature	1996-2018	4-22	57236	N/A	7	English	ICD-10 codes
Perapoch et al[27], 2021	Spain	Retrospective cohort study	Premature	1995-2007	7-19	7488	N/A	9	English	ICD-10
Bora et al[28], 2014	New Zealand	Retrospective cohort study	Premature	1998-2000	9	217	N/A	8	English	SDQ
Cherkes-Julkowski[26], 1998	N/A	Prospective cohort study	Premature	N/A	11	48	N/A	8	English	Stanford-Binet, 4th
Huang et al[16], 2018	China	Retrospective cohort study	Education level of mother	2013-2014	6-12	270	Multicenter	9	Chinese	DSM-5
St Sauver et al[33], 2004	United States	Case control study	Education level of mother	1976-1982	14-20	5701	Multicenter	7	English	DSM-4
Rydell[32], 2010	Sweden	Prospective cohort study	Education level of mother	None	10	1206	Single center	9	English	DSM-4
Chen et al[29], 2024	China	Retrospective cohort study	Education level of mother	2022-2023	6-12	11190	Multicenter	7	English	Parent Symptom Questionnaire
Hsu et al[31], 2022	Taiwan, China	Retrospective cohort study	Education level of mother	2000-2011	6-11	1855	Multicenter	5	English	DSM-IV-TR
Yan et al[35], 2018	China	Cross-sectional	Education level of mother	2014	3-6	15291	Single center	7	Chinese	Conners concise questionnaire
Cochran et al[30], 2022	United States	Prospective	Education level of mother	2002-2004	10-15	1010	Multicenter	9	English	Child Symptom Inventory-4
van Dyk et al[34], 2015	South Africa	Case control	Education level of mother	N/A	5-13	100	Single center	6	English	DSM-4

NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; N/A: Not applicable; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; SDQ: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; DSM-4: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition.