Tree: Reducing the use of restrictive practices on psychiatric wards through virtual reality immersive technology training

Table 7 Levels of compassion - the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales

Outcome measures	Sample groups	Baseline	One-month	P value	Effectiveness size	Power
Total compassionate score
To others	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	78.03 (11.65)	76.26 (9.64)	0.548	0.1611	0.0902
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	82.86 (8.36)	80.69 (6.81)	0.424	0.2624	0.1201
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.122	0.5041	0.326
From others	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	68.56 (18.65)	62.36 (15.30)	0.205	0.3464	0.2375
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	67.62 (24.65)	73.13 (22.81)	0.492	0.2256	0.1014
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.051	0.5605	0.3824
Compassionate engagement
To others	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	42.97 (8.65)	42.21 (6.89)	0.728	0.093	0.0632
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	46.67 (6.07)	44.13 (4.21)	0.177	0.4472	0.2586
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.331	0.3141	0.1557
From others	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	37.94 (11.92)	34.65 (9.32)	0.270	0.2965	0.1904
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	39.14 (14.79)	42.38 (13.21)	0.495	0.2237	0.1005
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.039a	0.6839	0.5344
To others	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	35.06 (5.07)	34.04 (5.05)	0.375	0.1180	0.9984
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	36.19 (4.34)	36.56 (4.94)	0.679	0.0694	0.9944
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.058	0.307	0.5373
From others	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	30.62 (7.82)	27.64 (7.31)	0.138	0.199	0.9629
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	28.48 (10.30)	30.75 (10.36)	0.540	0.101	0.9863
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.156	0.232	0.8066

^aP < 0.05.

¹Virtual reality vs treatment as usual comparison at one-month.

VR: Virtual reality; TAU: Treatment as usual.