Tree: Reducing the use of restrictive practices on psychiatric wards through virtual reality immersive technology training

Table 5 Levels of discrimination - Everyday Discrimination Scale

Outcome measures	Sample groups	Baseline	One-month	P value	Effectiveness size	Power
Item 1	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	4.29 (1.27)	4.13 (1.29)	0.62	0.0677	0.9998
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	3.71 (1.52)	4.12 (1.54)	0.454	0.125	0.9784
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.924	0.0155	0.9995
Item 2	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	32.17 (4.13)	31.78 (4.31)	0.531	0.0833	0.9996
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	31.14 (3.73)	32.83 (4.75)	0.147	0.237	0.7974
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.367	0.143	0.9717
Item 3	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	5.53 (0.71)	5.08 (10.4)	0.152	0.213	0.9575
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	5.43 (10.3)	5.47 (0.80)	0.918	0.0198	0.9992
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.286	0.187	0.9236
Item 4	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	4.79 (1.07)	4.78 (1.24)	0.909	0.0157	1
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	5.14 (1.03)	5.06 (1.03)	0.725	0.0619	0.9964
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.547	0.1	0.9912
Item 5	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	5.35 (0.88)	5.09 (1.08)	0.375	0.129	0.9974
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	4.71 (1.74)	5.06 (1.43)	0.628	0.0864	0.9925
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.692	0.0678	0.9967
Item 6	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	5.62 (0.70)	5.30 (0.97)	0.216	0.192	0.9768
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	5.71 (0.56)	5.59 (0.71)	0.714	0.0773	0.9943
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.359	0.166	0.9513
Item 7	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	4.88 (0.98)	4.43 (1.34)	0.251	0.157	0.9927
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	4.29 (0.90)	4.35 (0.86)	0.86	0.0306	0.9988
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.753	0.0517	0.9981
Item 8	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	5.06 (1.37)	5.17 (1.11)	0.981	0.0036	1
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	4.29 (1.79)	4.06 (1.60)	0.567	0.095	0.9904
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.023	0.375	0.2722
Item 9	VR (n = 23), mean (SD)	5.09 (1.22)	5.13 (1.14)	0.987	0.0024	1
	TAU (n = 17), mean (SD)	3.71 (1.79)	4.18 (1.51)	0.445	0.126	0.9778
	VR vs TAU1	-	-	0.04	0.339	0.4144

¹Virtual reality vs treatment as usual comparison at one-month.

VR: Virtual reality; TAU: Treatment as usual.